Abstract
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO) was applied to isolate budesonide (BUD) and sulfasalazine (SULF) from aqueous samples. The effects of different parameters on the efficiency on the extraction such as type of extrahent and dispersive solvent, ionic strength, pH of sample, and centrifugation time were investigated. Moreover, the influence of foreign substances on a studied process was tested. The calibration curves were recorded. The linearity ranges for BUD and SULF were 0.022–8.611 µg mL−1 and 0.020–7.968 µg mL−1 with the limit of detection (LOD) 0.011 µg mL−1 and 0.012 µg mL−1, respectively. The enrichment factors (EF) for two analytes were high: for BUD it was 145.7 and for SULF, 119.5. The elaborated procedure was applied for HPLC-UV determination of these analytes in water and wastewater samples.
Highlights
Increasing production and consumption of medicines contributes to the presence of biologically active substances in the environment and their concentration in surface waters
It can be concluded that the developed chromatographic procedure for the determination of BUD and SULF combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet is an appropriate method
A simple and practical preconcentration technique, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) combined with HPLC-UV has been evaluated for simultaneous extraction and determination of BUD and SULF
Summary
Increasing production and consumption of medicines contributes to the presence of biologically active substances in the environment and their concentration in surface waters. A novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) was introduced by Leong et al [22] It involves the use of extraction solvent with a density lower than the density of water and freezing point near to the room temperature. DLLME-SFO offers high analyte enrichment factors due to the use of small volumes of extractants compared to the volume of the water sample being tested. This method has gained recognition due to many advantages such as: simplicity of the procedure, high recovery, low cost, short extraction time, and the fact that it is not harmful to the environment. The simultaneous determination of these pharmaceuticals was performed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method
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