Determination of antibiotic sensitivity of opportunistic intestinal microflora of rabbits in the aspect of one health

Filamentous bacteria have long been associated with activated sludge bulking and foaming and are known to be the main cause of this problem. Chemical control methods such as chlorination and the use of hydrogen peroxide have been, and still are, used to cure bulking and foaming but are only effective as interim measures. More detailed understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of filamentous bacteria is still required for effective long-term control of bulking and foaming. Isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria in pure culture have shown promise as methods to gaining better understanding of bulking and foaming. The aim of this project was, therefore, to assess different techniques for effective isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria in pure culture. Activated sludge samples from Durban and surrounding areas were screened microscopically to identify constituent filamentous bacterial populations. Samples with varieties of different filamentous bacteria were subjected to various floc break-up procedures (nonidet surfactant treatment, sonication and cellulase hydrolysis) in conjunction with physical separation (centrifugation) to separate filamentous bacteria from floc-forming bacteria. Both treated and untreated samples were serially diluted and plated onto a variety of different solid media, whereafter discrete bacterial colonies were isolated and screened microscopically for filamentous morphology. Cellulase hydrolysis proved unsuccessful for filament isolation while direct inoculation, nonidet pretreatment and sonication resulted in the isolation of five different filaments, one via sonication and two each via the other methods. The filaments were provisionally identified as Sphaerotilus natans, Microthrix parvicella, Type 1863, Type 0092 and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis. WaterSA Vol.29(4) 2003: 405-410

This paper explores the multiple applications of biomacromolecules in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, covering research progress in molecular diagnosis, anti-infective treatment, and prevention and control of drug resistance. By analyzing the types and characteristics of protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, and lipid biomacromolecules, their important roles in early disease diagnosis, targeted therapy, and vaccine development are explained. In particular, the widespread application of nucleic acid detection and protein drugs in precision diagnosis and immunotherapy demonstrates the unique advantages of biomacromolecules in improving treatment effects and reducing infection risks. This paper also discusses the current technical bottlenecks of biomacromolecules in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, such as high production costs and delivery efficiency issues, and introduces the potential of emerging technologies and innovative methods in solving these challenges. Finally, the difficulties in the clinical transformation of biomacromolecules are analyzed, and corresponding solutions are proposed. In summary, biomacromolecules have important clinical application value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and control of infectious diseases.

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807), a newly developed oral cephem, were carried out in the treatment of infectious diseases in the field of pediatrics. 1. Since CPDX demonstrates very powerful antimicrobial actions against such Gram-negative bacilli as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia sp., such Gram-positive cocci as Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-lactamase producing Branhamella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae, this drug was thought to be useful for the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases when main causative bacteria in the field of pediatrics were taken into account. 2. When changes in blood and urine concentrations of CPDX following the administration of this drug at 3.7 mg/kg before meal were determined, Cmax and T1/2 were found to be 2.98 micrograms/ml at 2-hour and 1.73 hours, respectively; an urinary excretion rate in the first 6 hours and a maximum urine concentration were 32.5% and 52 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3. Clinically, 8 of 8 patients with the upper respiratory tract infections (100%), 28 of 29 patients with bronchitis and/or pneumonia (96.6%), 3 of 4 patients with otitis media (75%), 2 of 2 patients with sinusitis (100%), 3 of 3 patients with the skin soft tissue infections (100%), 1 of 1 patient with bacterial enteritis (100%) and 11 of 14 patients with urinary tract infections (78.6%) responded well to the treatment with CPDX-PR, showing a 91.8% efficacy rate in all the patients treated. 4. Bacteriologically, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, B. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium were all eradicated from 5, 1, 4, 6, 1, 5, 5, 11 and 1 patient, respectively. An eradication rate in all the patients examined was 97.5% (39/40). 5. Gastrointestinal symptoms appeared as side effects in 2 of 71 patients (vomiting in 1 and diarrhea in 1), hence, an incidence of side effects was 2.8% (2/71). As for abnormal laboratory findings, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis and increases in GOT and GPT were observed in 3 of 39 patients examined (7.7%), 1 of 39 patients (2.6%) and 2 of 34 patients (5.9%), respectively. In addition, we also examined the effect of the drug on the hemostatic system, but found no changes upon the treatment. Based on these results, it appeared that CPDX-PR was a useful and safe drug in treatment of infectious diseases in the field of pediatrics when administered 2-3 times a day at a dose of 3-6 mg/kg.

A comparative study of glucose and galactose uptake in pure cultures of human oral bacteria, salivary sediment and dental plaque

Enantioselective degradation and unidirectional chiral inversion of 2-phenylbutyric acid, an intermediate from linear alkylbenzene, by Xanthobacter flavus PA1

It was first conducted testing on antimicrobial activity of Galega orientalis (La) on the growth pure cultural of bacteria gram positive (Micrococcus luteus), gram negative (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303). The material for the study was dried vegetative mass Galega orientalis (Lam) in the phase of budding and early flowering. In experiment used medium «Endo» for gram negative, medium LB for gram positive and gram negative, and suslo agar for yeasts. As a result of the experiment was revealed that 20% concentration of aqueous extract of this plant had inhibitory effects on the growth of pure cultures of bacteria and yeast. Antimicrobial effect of this drug on the growth of gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5) were within 20.0–30.0% (P < 0.001), gram-positive bacteria (M. Luteus) – 12.0% (P < 0.05) and yeast (S. cerevisiae W303) – 30.5% (P < 0.01) compared with control. It should be noted that in all cases the addition of the drug Galega orientalis (La) did not alter the morphology of colonies (colony size) test strains. The questions of search the new antimicrobial agents, include natural origin, is very actual during last years. Increasing microbiological pure of eating products, feed grinders, veterinarian preparations are one of the urgent task of Scientifics and industrials. It has proved the influence of different concentrations of aqueous extract of this culture on the growth of pure cultures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Install antimicrobial influence 20–30% concentrations of preparation on the bacteries growth (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5). Bacterial action of preparation on the bacteries (Micrococcus luteus) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303) were lower. It was described the prospects for further investigation of this problem. It has proved possible relationship between the antimicrobial activity of the extract of this plant and bloating of the rumen in ruminants.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive in various fields of regenerative medicine due to their therapeutic potential and complex unique properties. Basic stem cell research and the global COVID-19 pandemic have given impetus to the development of cell therapy for infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to systematize scientific data on the applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in the combined treatment of infectious diseases. Application of MSCs and MSC-EVs in the treatment of infectious diseases has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects, and also promotes the restoration of the epithelium and stimulates tissue regeneration. The use of MSC-EVs is a promising cell-free treatment strategy that allows solving the problems associated with the safety of cell therapy and increasing its effectiveness. In this review, experimental data and clinical trials based on MSCs and MSC-EVs for the treatment of infectious diseases are presented. MSCs and MSC-EVs can be a promising tool for the treatment of various infectious diseases, particularly in combination with antiviral drugs. Employment of MSC-derived EVs represents a more promising strategy for cell-free treatment, demonstrating a high therapeutic potential in preclinical studies.

Introduction. The use of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases has led to significant achievements in medicine, but the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics and the need to develop new antibacterial drugs remain extremely relevant today. One of the promising areas in combating this problem is the search for antimicrobial substances among plant raw materials. This study focused on the substance sangviritrin, which has pronounced antimicrobial properties. Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the technological and therapeutic characteristics of an oral dosed spray of sangviritrin for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. Materials and methods. The object of the study was an oral metered spray of sangviritrin, packaged in 30 ml light-protective glass bottles (LLC "TС "BELAND", Russia) 30 ml polyethylene bottles (LLC "SRP Group", Russia), and LF plastic nozzles (Shenzhen Bona Pharma Technology Co., Ltd., China). The minimum filling volume of the bottle, requirements for primary and secondary pumping, and requirements for nozzle cleaning were determined. The substances extracted from the packaging were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The stability of the spray was determined in long-term and accelerated tests. The antimicrobial activity of the sangviritrin spray was determined for 21 strains of microorganisms. Results and discussion. The minimum filling volume of the vial was 31 ml. It was shown that there are no requirements for priming the spray dispenser, cleaning the dispenser after use, or shaking. Extractable substances from Russian-made polyethylene bottles were studied using HPLC-MS, GC-MS, and IS-MS methods. The experiment demonstrated that these substances are present in concentrations below the threshold value and cannot adversely affect the safety of the drug. Long-term studies have demonstrated the stability of the developed dosage form for 12 months, and accelerated testing has determined the shelf life of the spray to be 2 years. An in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of sangviritrin spray using a spot test showed its effectiveness against 18 strains of bacteria and three strains of Candida fungi. Conclusion. The developed dosage form is stable during storage, methods for controlling its quality have been determined, the choice of packaging is justified, and this drug is promising for use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.

Colostrum (or immune milk) is the first milk that mammals produce after childbirth, and its composition differs markedly from milk obtained later in lactation. Colostrum is a rich source of immunoglobulins and other biologically active components. The purpose of this literature review is to systematize research on methods of treatment and prevention of human infectious diseases using immunomodulatory and immunoprotective properties of colostrum. The open sources hosted in PubMed, Researchgate and eLibrary databases were studied. The history of the use of colostrum from hyperimmunized cows as a treatment for human diseases can be traced back to the 1950s. Many studies on the use of colostrum have explored its potential in both the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases. The data obtained indicate the high efficiency of the use of cow colostrum and its components both for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Colostrum is capable of producing a heterologous transfer of passive immunity. The immunization protocols used in the production of immune milk can be highly variable. This is especially true for the timing of immunization. Working on immunization protocols that expose animals to specific antigens can result in enhanced humoral immune responses in the mammary gland. The most relevant is the search for ways to use immune milk as a means to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The literature review provides a description of antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and growth-stimulating factors in bovine colostrum. Examples and descriptions of homologous and heterologous transmission of passive immunity are given.

Adoptive Immunotherapy Based on Chain-Centric TCRs in Treatment of Infectious Diseases.

This chapter offers a current overview of biomolecules of microbial origin applied in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases and infers their potential for replacing antibiotics or serving as co-adjuvant therapies in such fights. As biomolecules for fighting pathogens responsible for infectious diseases, the most significant advantage of the use of AMPs relies on the fact that they possess a very reduced propensity to induce resistance due to their multiplicity of targets and lack of interaction with specific receptors. Although there are still no reports on the use of these bacterial origin biomolecules in the treatment of infectious diseases, their unique properties, and antibacterial features enhance their potential for future innovative therapies for treating infectious diseases. The search for alternatives to antibiotics has led researchers to investigate the antimicrobial potential of microbial origin biomolecules. All the alternatives presented have disclosed promising results that support their use in the treatment of infectious diseases.

The genomics revolution has provided a plethora of data from many previously uncharacterized populations. The increase in the amount of genetic data has improved our understanding of why individuals and populations differ in their susceptibility to multiple diseases. It has also enabled researchers to identify how genomic variation, including at the Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) super-family, affects the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs. CYP450 metabolize ∼90% of clinically administered drugs. Variability in CYP450 expression is known to affect the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs, including many used in the treatment and control of infectious diseases. There are inter-ethnic differences in the frequencies of clinically relevant CYP450 variants which affect CYP450 expression. Comparative studies of African populations have identified population structuring at CYP450 genes. This is associated with intra-African differences in the success of drug therapies used in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therapeutic drugs dominate control strategies for infectious diseases and are widely administered through mass drug administration campaigns. However, resistance to chemotherapy is spreading across endemic regions. The most common response has been to increase chemotherapeutic dosages, and administer combination therapies. However, there are few pharmacovigilance data examining how these changes influence adverse drug reactions. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of intra-Africa CYP450 variation, and the known associations with sub-optimal clinical outcomes in the treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, the potential for evolutionary approaches in the study of CYP450 variation is discussed to examine their potential in preventative medicine and intervention strategies within Africa.

Following the global spread of COVID-19, scientists and engineers have adapted technologies and developed new tools to aid in the fight against COVID-19. This review discusses various approaches to engineering biomaterials, devices, and therapeutics, especially at micro and nano levels, for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, serving as a resource for scientists to identify specific tools that can be applicable for infectious-disease-related research, technology development, and treatment. From the design and production of equipment critical to first responders and patients using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to point-of-care devices for rapid diagnosis, these technologies and tools have been essential to address current global needs for the prevention and detection of diseases. Moreover, advancements in organ-on-a-chip platforms provide a valuable platform to not only study infections and disease development in humans but also allow for the screening of more effective therapeutics. In addition, vaccines, the repurposing of approved drugs, biomaterials, drug delivery, and cell therapy are promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Following a comprehensive review of all these topics, we discuss unsolved problems and future directions.

The Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading globally and has caused severe harm to the health of people and a substantial social burden. In response to this situation, experts around the world have considered various treatments, including the use of traditional medicine. Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM), one of the traditional medicines in China, has played an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases in history. It has formed a solid theoretical foundation and accumulated rich experience in the treatment of infectious diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the basic theory, treatment strategies, and commonly used drugs of TTM for the treatment of COVID-19. In addition, the efficacies and potential mechanisms of these TTM drugs against COVID-19 are discussed based on available experimental data. This review may provide important information for the basic research, clinical application and drug development of traditional medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 or other infectious diseases. More pharmacological studies are needed to reveal the therapeutic mechanisms and active ingredients of TTM drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.

Passive immunisation for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases can be traced back to the 20(th) century. The recent Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa has turned the spotlight onto the possible use of convalescent whole blood and convalescent plasma in the treatment of infectious diseases because they are the only therapeutic strategy available in some cases, given the unavailability of vaccines, drugs or other specific treatments. Convalescent blood products could be a valid option in the treatment/prophylaxis of several infectious diseases both in association with other drugs/preventive measures and as the only therapy when a specific treatment is not available. However, there are still some issues to consider in determining the advisability of implementing a large-scale convalescent plasma transfusion programme.