Determinants of Stunting Severity Among Under‐Fives: Comparison of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Households in South Lampung Regency, Indonesia

This study analyzes the consumption patterns of agricultural households in Indonesia using the 2013 first quarter data of the Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional [Susenas]) and the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) approach. Indonesian households’ food expenditure is mostly on rice, vegetables, and fish. Rice expenditure is a top priority particularly in agricultural household spending in Indonesia. Agricultural households consume more calories and carbohydrates, but less protein and fat, than nonagricultural households do. The expenditure elasticities of agricultural and nonagricultural households are significantly different only in the following commodities: milk, other foods, meat, fruits, and rice. The differences in the price elasticities of the two household groups are found in non-rice staple, other foods, rice, and milk. The expenditure elasticity of nutrients of agricultural households tend to be higher.

While child health reflects a country’s state of well-being; Bangladesh struggles to make a comprehensive success in reducing its widespread child under-nutrition. The key interest of this paper is to understand what determines the nutritional status of rural children in Bangladesh and how these determinants compare between agricultural and non-agricultural households. Based on a sample of 1,444 children drawn from rural Bangladesh, this study estimates the extent to which measures of child under-nutrition (underweight and stunting) are associated with child, parent, household, and community level variables. The estimates of Logit regressions suggest that variables such as birth weight, parents’ health, mother’s education, and prevalence of health care facilities at village significantly reduces the probability of underweight and stunting. This paper also finds that agricultural and non-agricultural households differ in respect of what determines the children’s nutrition in these households. The policy implication of this study is that government initiatives aiming at reducing child under-nutrition in rural Bangladesh should recognise that any generic measures may not bring about the optimal result given the diversity of rural households. Thus, this paper may be useful in designing better interventions for improving health and nutrition of the rural children of Bangladesh as well as similar Southeast Asian countries.

This study analyzes the consumption patterns of agricultural households in Indonesia using the 2013 first quarter data of the Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional [Susenas]) and the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) approach. Indonesian households’ food expenditure is mostly on rice, vegetables, and fish. Rice expenditure is a top priority particularly in agricultural household spending in Indonesia. Agricultural households consume more calories and carbohydrates, but less protein and fat, than nonagricultural households do. The expenditure elasticities of agricultural and nonagricultural households are significantly different only in the following commodities: milk, other foods, meat, fruits, and rice. The differences in the price elasticities of the two household groups are found in non-rice staple, other

This paper examines how aging and underemployment affect household income and household income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Our study uses household panel data from South Korea for the period 2009–2016, which include, on average, 6721 representative households each year. A three-step regression analysis was conducted to estimate the aging and underemployment effects on household income and the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural households. First, we estimate aging and underemployment effects on household income from all households using a year fixed-effect longitudinal model. Second, our study investigates whether the marginal effect of aging and underemployment on household income differs between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Finally, we simulate the estimated model to illustrate how government policies could help reduce the income disparity. Our results show that aging and underemployment affect household income negatively overall. The negative marginal effect of the two factors was greater in the agricultural sector than in the non-agricultural sector. Results from policy simulations suggest that the implementation of proper government policies to address aging and underemployment problems in agricultural households could significantly reduce the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.

This study analyzes the potential repercussions of high wheat prices on agriculture household economic and nutritional well-being in Pakistan. This task was accomplished by formulating a theoretical model to capture the economic behavior of agricultural households that produce marketable surpluses of wheat. For empirical verification, eight modules of nationally representative Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) were combined with approximate price levels to create a pooled cross-sectional sample of annual price-indices for household expenditure from 2000-01 to 2018-19. The study uses the Linear Approximate of Almost Ideal Demand System (LA-AIDS) model to derive demand elasticities and conduct a comparative static analysis. Finally, the model is extended to assess household nutritional well-being by linking price effects to calorie intake. The empirical findings demonstrated that high wheat prices resulted in high farm revenues for agricultural households. Although wheat consumption has declined, these households have used excess profits to diversify the food basket, which in turn led to an improvement in calorie intake. An indirect spillover effect from changes in wheat prices has also been observed, leading to an increase in demand for domestically produced commodities. Since the overall impact of wheat price increase on agricultural and non-agricultural households is mixed, it is proposed to pursue a careful food security policy to ensure the economic and nutritional well-being of the entire society. This study adopts a two-pronged approach of social to integrating social safety nets that does not hinder agricultural growth to achieve a mutually rewarding outcome.

After the collective forest tenure reform, the forestland transfer behavior choices did not reach the policy expectations. In order to explore the factors influencing the behavior of farmers’ forestland transfer and the income effect of forestland transfer, this paper constructs a binary logistic regression model and a propensity score matching (PSM) model and uses the data obtained from a questionnaire survey of 500 farmers from 10 counties in Liaoning Province for quantitative analysis. Considering the heterogeneity, agricultural households are divided into three categories, namely, pure agricultural households, part-time agricultural households and non-agricultural households. The study found that the influencing factors of different types of agricultural households’ forestland transfer behavior choices were not exactly the same and the degree of influence by the same variable was also different. Forestland transfer can effectively promote the increase of agricultural and forestry income and total household income of pure agricultural households, part-time agricultural households and non-agricultural households, among which the promotion effect on pure agricultural households is the largest.

In theory, irrigation could affect farm households' nutritional status in either direction. On the one hand, irrigation may improve nutritional status by boosting farm productivity and household income. On the other hand, it may deter diet quality by shifting farmers' attention from nutrition‐rich food to cash crops. This study examines the impact of irrigation schemes on farm households' nutritional status using nationally representative data from Ethiopia. Using the endogenous switching regression model, the study shows that irrigation improves diet quality. In addition, the study also identifies the production of micronutrient‐rich crops such as vegetables and fruit and the adoption of productivity‐enhancing inputs as the main pathways through which irrigation affects dietary quality. Hence, irrigation can be considered a viable instrument to enhance the diet quality of smallholders, and efforts should be made to tackle constraints that impede the adoption of irrigation technologies.

Contraction of Indonesia's production sectors in 1998 as economic crisis impacts, have not been occurred on Farm, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries sector and Electricity, Gas and Water sector. Particularly on Farm, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries sector is interesting that the sector have been gave a second big contribution on Indonesia GDP less than Manufacturing sector, meanwhile most Indonesia citizen are farmer. On the other word, this sector is the Indonesia economy base.We have not said yet that Indonesia's citizen as prosperous as before crisis. Because, nor the sector it self and its agents would not live 'alone' and need others sector's commodities. It could be said, that linkage with the other sectors is high.The aim of this is to observe the agricultural household income, pre and post economic crisis, that we have used Indonesia SAM table 1995, 1998 and 1999 and multiplier decomposition analysis.Analysis result of SAM table explains a big shock of economic activity on agricultural household particularly on farm workers household and farmer landowner 0-0,5 Ha households. Although on 1998 agricultural household is worse than condition before, the prospect of recovery has been seen on income condition and agricultural household expenditure on SAM 1999 observation.Multiplier analysis on SAM table indicate that from 1995 to 1999 the sock of economic activities by agricultural household less than non-agricultural household. In fact, economic crisis did not give significant impact on agricultural household, however the recovery of agricultural household is sluggish. The result shows that from 1995 to 1999 agricultural household is consistent, mainly on farmer land owner 0-0,5 Ha household and farmer worker household.

A longitudinal study of infant feeding practices, growth and morbidity among Bedouin Arab infants residing in the Negev, Israel, was conducted during a 3-year period (1981-1983). Follow-up samples were restricted to healthy newborns. The majority of newborns are breast fed at birth but, by 2 months, 50% are also introduced to a milk supplement. Based on the bivariate analysis using the logrank test to examine the factors associated with exclusive versus partial breast feeding during the first 6 months, those born during the wet cool months are exclusively breast fed longer than those born during the dry season. More traditional women, living in tents rather than houses or huts, exclusively breast feed for at least 6 months. In a multiple logistic regression model, parity, house type and birth season are independently associated with the odds of exclusively breast feeding for the first 6 months of life. Factors influencing the duration of any breast feeding for the first 18 months include: house type, place of residence, birthweight, and whether the infant was stunted at 6 months.

Background: Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) are facing many challenges that hinder progress in reduction of mortality rates (MRs) and nutritional status of children under-five years of age (CU5). Hence there is a need to identify breastfeeding practices that can influence malnutrition and MRs in the region. Aim: To analyze regional data of malnutrition, mortality and breastfeeding practices in mothers and CU5 in the EMR countries. Methods: Data from regional surveys of WHO and UNICEF for nutritional status and MRs in the EMR countries were analyzed in total and by income group and correlated to breastfeeding practices including timely first suckle (TFS), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding rates at 12 (BR12) and 24 months (BR24) and percent designated Baby-friendly hospitals (DBFH). MRs included neonatal mortality rates (NMR), infant mortality rates (IMR), under-five mortality rates (U5MR), maternal mortality ratio (MMR). Selected indicators for development included illiteracy rates and total fertility rates (TFR). Results: Practices of early initiation (TFS), EBF, and continuity of breastfeeding are low in the region. MRs correlated with percent DBFH, TFS, EBF. Also BF12 and BF24 months correlated with stunting, wasting in the CU5, U5MR and overweight and obesity in adults. MRs correlated highly with stunting and wasting and poorly with overweight or obesity in CU5. Other variables as illiteracy, TFR, obesity and overweight in adults correlated significantly with MRs and with breastfeeding duration. At country level the low trends of shortened breastfeeding duration were associated with the high MRs and malnutrition rates. Conclusion: Suboptimal early feeding practices, low EBF and declines in breastfeeding duration impact child growth and survival and are associated with high stunting, wasting, overweight and mortality in CU5. Indices of development as improving literacy, birth spacing and can also help improve survival of children and mothers in the region.

The objective of this study to analyze the dominant factors that potentially could affect the food security of households in the village of Trimomukti, Candipuro District and the village of Kelawi, Bakauheni District, South Lampung Regency; look for the dominant factors that potentially could affect the nutritional status of children and how the relationship between household food security levels with nutritional status of children in the region. Results showed the average household energy adequacy in both villages is still highly dependent on food energy contribution of cereals, especially rice. Based on logistic regression model, Greater the number of members in a household with low income and food expenditure against revenue high, and obtained a principal food source rice from membeli or aid and subsidies as well as from the community Kelawi Village will have greater opportunities for prisoners vulnerable to lack of food.Based on ordinal logistic regression model, increasing age of a toddler with food consumption of energy sources that do not meet the need and the ratio of food expenditure of households on incomes greater, the chances these children will experience moderate malnutrition will be higher and even worse. Seen the relationship between household food security with nutrition status, if a food is resistant to household, the nutritional status of children under five will get better. Regional differences in factors that contribute to the adequacy of the village of rice per capita did not have a significant influence on household level food security and nutritional status of children. Keywords: food security, household, nutrition status

Abstracts from The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 20th Annual International Meeting Los Angeles, California October 16–18, 2015

English

The possibility that breast feeding might protect against allergy and asthma has generated interest for 70 years. In this week's BMJ, a cluster randomised trial by Kramer and colleagues assesses...

Breastfeeding self-efficacy denotes a mother's perceived confidence in her ability to breastfeed effectively. Elevated levels of maternal self-efficacy have been associated with increased breastfeeding frequency and improved breastfeeding performance, which positively impacts the child’s nutritional status, as exclusive breastfeeding is the optimal source of nutrition for infants aged 0-6 months. This research intended to analyze the association between maternal self-efficacy in exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding practices, including frequency and duration, as well as the nutritional status of children. This cross-sectional research was carried out between March and June 2024, involving 30 mothers of children aged 7-60 months who had been exclusively breastfed. Participants were selected through purposive sampling from families whose husbands were members of the AyahASI community. Data collection was carried out via Zoom meeting using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) and WHO Anthro. Data analysis was conducted employing the Chi-square test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed a significant relationship between maternal self-efficacy and breastfeeding duration (p=0.039; OR 10.11; CI 95% 1.05-97.00) and height-for-age z-score (HAZ) (p=0.042; r=0.374). However, no relationship was found with breastfeeding frequency (p=1.000), weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) (p=0.146), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) (p=0.856), BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) (p=0.588). This study indicate that a mother's self-efficacy in exclusive breastfeeding could be linked to a longer duration of breastfeeding and improved HAZ scores in children aged 7-60 months. However, due to the cross-sectional design, small sample size, and the non-random sampling method, these findings should be interpreted with caution and may not be generalizable to broader populations.