Determinants of Stunting Risk Factors for Toddlers Aged 6-36 Months in the Malang Regency, Indonesia

Abstract

Stunting remains the most prevalent nutritional issue among toddlers in Indonesia. In 2022, the Malang Regency reported a stunting prevalence of 23%. Data from the Ardimulyo Health Center in August 2021 showed 372 stunted children. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for stunting in children aged 6-36 months, focusing on child, mother, father and household factors. The research utilized a case-control design with a population comprising all children aged 6-36 months. The case sample included 50 stunted children, while the control sample consisted of 50 non-stunted children of the same age range. Respondents were the parents of the case and control children. Samples were selected through purposive sampling, with both case and control samples drawn from Wonorejo Village. Data collection involved interviews using questionnaires and physical measurements. Data were analyzed using bivariate (chi-square test) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression test) methods. The study identified several risk factors for stunting in children aged 6-36 months. Significant factors included a history of low birth weight (LBW) (p=0.035), lack of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.008), inappropriate complementary feeding (p=0.009), history of infectious diseases (p=0.002), maternal knowledge (p=0.000), and family income (p=0.016). Among these, maternal knowledge emerged as the most dominant factor in the multivariate analysis (p=0.000). This finding underscores the critical role of maternal education in influencing child health outcomes. In conclusion, multiple factors contribute to stunting in children aged 6-36 months, with maternal knowledge being the most significant. Therefore, enhancing mothers' understanding of nutrition and child care practices is crucial in mitigating the risk of stunting. Efforts to improve maternal education on these topics could play a key role in reducing stunting rates in Indonesia. Additionally, interventions should address the broader socioeconomic factors that influence child health, such as improving family income and access to healthcare services. This holistic approach is essential for creating sustainable improvements in child nutrition and health outcomes. Overall, the findings highlight the multifaceted nature of stunting and the need for comprehensive strategies that address both direct and indirect determinants. Public health initiatives should focus on increasing awareness and education among mothers, ensuring adequate nutrition during pregnancy and early childhood, and providing support for low-income families. By targeting these areas, it is possible to make significant strides in reducing the prevalence of stunting and improving the overall health and well-being of children in Indonesia. Key words: Risk factors, stunting, nutrition, vulnerable population, children aged 6-36 months