Abstract
This paper presents a proof of concept for simultaneous load and structural health monitoring of a hybrid carbon fiber rudder stock sample consisting of carbon fiber composite and metallic parts in order to demonstrate smart sensors in the context of maritime systems. Therefore, a strain gauge is used to assess bending loads during quasi-static laboratory testing. In addition, six piezoelectric transducers are placed around the circumference of the tubular structure for damage detection based on the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method. A damage indicator has been defined that exploits the real and imaginary parts of the admittance for the detection of pin failure in the rudder stock. In particular, higher frequencies in the EMI spectrum contain valuable information about damage. Finally, the information about damage and load are merged in a cluster analysis enabling damage detection under load.
Highlights
The electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method is widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications to detect damage in isotropic and composite materials [1,2]
The varying operational conditions can be managed in practical SHM systems by means of a classification technique using multiple reference conditions that are learned during a training phase [20]
This work successfully demonstrated the application of the electromechanical impedance (EMI)
Summary
The electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method is widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications to detect damage in isotropic and composite materials [1,2]. An example is the work presented by Wandowski et al [4] who used the EMI method to detect delamination in carbon fiber reinforced materials. Effects related to temperature were compensated by a correlation-based method. Another successful application of the EMI technique in composite materials was reported in [5], in which resonance frequencies of piezoelectric transducers were used to improve damage detection performance. The EMI-method was applied for damage detection in coupons constructed as fiber reinforced materials [7]. The damage detection performance was studied for different attachment methods of piezoelectric transducers
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