Abstract
IntroductionDecellularized tendon extracellular matrix (tECM) perfectly provides the natural environment and holds great potential for bone regeneration in Bone tissue engineering (BTE) area. However, its densifying fiber structure leads to reduced cell permeability. Our study aimed to combine tECM with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) to form a biological scaffold with appropriate porosity and strength using stereolithography (SLA) technology for bone defect repair.MethodsThe tECM was produced and evaluated. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) was used to evaluate the biocompatibility of PEGDA/tECM bioink in vitro. Mineralization ability of the bioink was also evaluated in vitro. After preparing 3D printed polyporous PEGDA/tECM scaffolds (3D-pPES) via SLA, the calvarial defect generation capacity of 3D-pPES was assessed.ResultsThe tECM was obtained and the decellularized effect was confirmed. The tECM increased the swelling ratio and porosity of PEGDA bioink, both cellular proliferation and biomineralization in vitro of the bioink were significantly optimized. The 3D-pPES was fabricated. Compared to the control group, increased cell migration efficiency, up-regulation of osteogenic differentiation RNA level, and better calvarial defect repair in rat of the 3D-pPES group were observed.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the 3D-pPES may be a promising strategy for bone defect treatment.
Highlights
Decellularized tendon extracellular matrix perfectly provides the natural environment and holds great potential for bone regeneration in Bone tissue engineering (BTE) area
Independent application of tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) (tECM) to build a scaffold in BTE has several drawbacks; lack of sufficient mechanical support due to the original physical property, difficulty in forming a specific shape coinciding with the bone defect, and the lack of 3D micropore structure that is beneficial to the cell growth and differentiation (Narayanan et al, 2009)
The tendon pieces were ground into powder, which was dissolved in acid to form a gel (Figure 1A)
Summary
Decellularized tendon extracellular matrix (tECM) perfectly provides the natural environment and holds great potential for bone regeneration in Bone tissue engineering (BTE) area. The tendon ECM (tECM) is rich in type-1 collagen, which can serve as a heterogeneous nucleation template to induce calcium and phosphorus (Ca-Pi) cluster formation (Xu et al, 2015; Thankam et al, 2018) In this biochemistry procedure, a self-assembled, pseudo-hexagonal array of collagen molecules participate and facilitate the Ca-Pi binding and nucleation (Xu et al, 2015). Independent application of tECM to build a scaffold in BTE has several drawbacks; lack of sufficient mechanical support due to the original physical property, difficulty in forming a specific shape coinciding with the bone defect, and the lack of 3D micropore structure that is beneficial to the cell growth and differentiation (Narayanan et al, 2009)
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