Designing for Visual and Spatial Efficiency: Visibility Patterns in Curved Shopping Malls

The analysis of large graphs plays a prominent role in various fields of research and is relevant in many important application areas. Effective visual analysis of graphs requires appropriate visual presentations in combination with respective user interaction facilities and algorithmic graph analysis methods. How to design appropriate graph analysis systems depends on many factors, including the type of graph describing the data, the analytical task at hand and the applicability of graph analysis methods. The most recent surveys of graph visualization and navigation techniques cover techniques that had been introduced until 2000 or concentrate only on graph layouts published until 2002. Recently, new techniques have been developed covering a broader range of graph types, such as time‐varying graphs. Also, in accordance with ever growing amounts of graph‐structured data becoming available, the inclusion of algorithmic graph analysis and interaction techniques becomes increasingly important. In this State‐of‐the‐Art Report, we survey available techniques for the visual analysis of large graphs. Our review first considers graph visualization techniques according to the type of graphs supported. The visualization techniques form the basis for the presentation of interaction approaches suitable for visual graph exploration. As an important component of visual graph analysis, we discuss various graph algorithmic aspects useful for the different stages of the visual graph analysis process. We also present main open research challenges in this field.

This paper explores the visual dynamics of the morphology of public open spaces. Resorting to space syntax concepts, visual graph analysis (VGA), and the innovative use of its standard tool Depthmap, a set of case studies is analysed under the perspective of visual opportunity fields and building upon the established concept and metrics of Revelation. A series of related novel measures and visualizations are developed, which are only possible, in Depthmap environment, by the advanced use of its scripting language: SalaScript. Despite Depthmap being the standard tool among the space syntax community, there is a lack of references to the explicit use of SalaScript. One major objective of this paper is to illustrate, and document, its possibilities to a broad audience by extending, customizing and introducing a more interactive approach in handling VGA maps. We present SalaScript functionalities and its use in the development of visual analysis scripts that allow the study of revelation, which we then apply to a set of real public open spaces case studies.

The analysis of large graphs plays a prominent role in various fields of research and is relevant in many important application areas. Effective visual analysis of graphs requires appropriate visual presentations in combination with respective user interaction facilities and algorithmic graph analysis methods. How to design appropriate graph analysis systems depends on many factors, including the type of graph describing the data, the analytical task at hand, and the applicability of graph analysis methods. The most recent surveys of graph visualization and navigation techniques were presented by Herman et al. [HMM00] and Diaz [DPS02]. The first work surveyed the main techniques for visualization of hierarchies and graphs in general that had been introduced until 2000. The second work concentrated on graph layouts introduced until 2002. Recently, new techniques have been developed covering a broader range of graph types, such as time-varying graphs. Also, in accordance with ever growing amounts of graph-structured data becoming available, the inclusion of algorithmic graph analysis and interaction techniques becomes increasingly important. In this State-of-the-Art Report, we survey available techniques for the visual analysis of large graphs. Our review firstly considers graph visualization techniques according to the type of graphs supported. The visualization techniques form the basis for the presentation of interaction approaches suitable for visual graph exploration. As an important component of visual graph analysis, we discuss various graph algorithmic aspects useful for the different stages of the visual graph analysis process.

Purpose: Signs that are installed at unnoticeable places or that disconnect before the destination can bring errors of location information delivery. Therefore, this study aims to find out the spatial relation between structure of space and signs in the perspective of visual exposure possibility, operating arrangement and assesment by applying spatial structure theory. Methods: Effectiveness of organization of guidance signs was evaluated after the four way-finding factors(Plan Configuration, Sign System, Perceptual Access, Architectural Difference) that G.D.Weisman suggested were interpreted by spatial structure theory(J-Graph analysis, Space Syntax, Visual Graph Analysis) under the premise that it is closely related to the structure of space. Results: 1) Because the south corridor that connects each department of outpatient division is located in the hierarchy center of the space, and walking density is expected to be high, guidance signs need to be organized at the place with high integration value. 2) The depth to the destination space can be estimated through J-Graph analysis. The depth means a switch of direction, and the guidance signs are needed according to the number. 3) According to visibility graph analysis, visual exposure can be different in the same hierarchy unit space according to the shape of the flat surface. Based on these data, location adjustment of signs is possible, and the improvement effect can be estimated quantitatively. Implications: Spatial structure theory can be utilized to design and evaluate sign systems, and it helps to clearly understand the improvement effect. It is desirable to specify design and estimation of sign systems in the order of J-Graph analysis<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>Space Syntax Theory<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>visibility graph analysis.

This study examines the publicness level of the interior spaces of public buildings. As a method, VGA (visual graph analysis) is used for analyzing the early design phases of selected municipal service buildings. In this study, the authors utilized from VGA for quantifying the publicness level of the two selected architectural competitions of municipality buildings. The method allows us analyzing the floor plans of each project in obtaining an eventual assessment of permeability and accessibility which give an idea of the levels of publicness comparatively. Subsequently, representation parameters are compared under two main criteria: connectivity and integration. The aim of the study is to understand the level of publicness and efficiency of spatial settings for the users circulating in the public buildings, which have dissimilar plan schemes. This method would be used by the designers for early design stage and provide useful feedback for understanding the level of accessibility and permeability of the structures and adjust their schemes accordingly.

As a model of ancient Chinese architecture, Jin Ancestral Temple’s spatial layout and functional hierarchy reflect its profound cultural connotations and historical evolution. This paper systematically studies Jin Ancestral Temple from the perspectives of spatial relationships, visibility, and accessibility based on space syntax and visual graphics analysis methods. Through the construction and analysis of spatial relationship diagrams and topological diagrams, this study quantitatively identifies key differences in spatial depth and integration along the central axis of Jin Ancestral Temple. The sacrificial buildings, such as Uonuma Flying Beam and the Sacrificial Temple, exhibit high spatial depth and low integration, reflecting their secluded nature, which enhances the solemnity and focus of ritual activities. In contrast, landscape buildings like Jinren Terrace, with their low spatial depth and high integration, function as open spaces that facilitate movement and act as pivotal points in the visitor circulation network. Visual Graph Analysis (VGA) shows that the central axis area has the unique characteristics of a “visual center” and a “transportation hub”. The plaza on the north side of the reflecting pool forms the core area of visual connectivity, while Jinren Terrace becomes the transportation node with the highest accessibility. This design of “separation and connection” combines visual guidance with traffic flow, providing a layered spatial experience that stimulates visitors’ interest in exploration. Meanwhile, the historical development of Jin Ancestral Temple shows a clear trend of “growth”. From its early single function of worship, it gradually expanded into a complex architectural complex integrating worship, landscape, and belief, reflecting the changes in social, political, and cultural needs in different periods. The research results not only demonstrate the high degree of balance between the functionality and ornamental value of Jin Ancestral Temple’s buildings, but also reveal their unique value as cultural heritage in terms of spatial layout and aesthetic design. This paper provides a scientific basis for the protection and tourism development of Jin Ancestral Temple, and offers a new perspective on the combination of traditional architectural research and spatial analysis methods.

This paper explores the visual dynamics of the morphology of public open spaces. Resorting to space syntax concepts, visual graph analysis (VGA), and the innovative use of its standard tool Depthmap, a set of case studies is analysed under the perspective of visual opportunity fields and building upon the established concept and metrics of Revelation. A series of related novel measures and visualizations are developed, which are only possible, in Depthmap environment, by the advanced use of its scripting language: SalaScript. Despite Depthmap being the standard tool among the space syntax community, there is a lack of references to the explicit use of SalaScript. One major objective of this paper is to illustrate, and document, its possibilities to a broad audience by extending, customizing and introducing a more interactive approach in handling VGA maps. We present SalaScript functionalities and its use in the development of visual analysis scripts that allow the study of revelation, which we then apply to a set of real public open spaces case studies.

It was an August afternoon in 2003 when the lights went out on Broadway, and for that matter, throughout most of the Northeast, Midwest, and Ontario—a power blackout left 50 million customers in the dark overnight. Despite complaints about the inconveniences, the stranded commuters, and the food spoilage in restaurants and markets, many city dwellers were also awed; as evening came on, they gazed upward, and between the dark skyscrapers they could see something amazing—the starry night sky. The New York Times reported spontaneous stargazing gatherings in the usually electrified cities of the Northeast.

This research is motivated by the problem of dysgraphia children who often make mistakes in writing. This study aims to reduce writing errors assisted by interactive learning media in class II dysgraphia children at SD Negeri 060952 Medan. The type of research used is experimental research in the form of Single Subject Research (SSR) with an A-B-A design. The technical analysis of the data used is visual analysis of graphs, visual analysis of graphs. Research subjects are children who have difficulty learning to write (dysgraphia). The results of this study indicate that there is a reduction in writing errors in dysgraphia children. Children's writing errors decrease can be proven from the results of the analysis in conditions using a directional trend graph, where it can be seen that the trend towards the frequency of writing errors (omitting) of sentences with SPOK pattern decreases in the intervention phase (B), and decreases in the baseline phase (A2). The range of data obtained for baseline (A1) is 12–38, intervention (B) is 1-12 with a decrease in the level of change in the frequency of writing errors (omissions) of sentences with SPOK pattern in dysgraphia X children, then the stability of the data tendency is not stable. For the range of data obtained at baseline (A2), there are 1-4 frequencies with the level of change in reducing the frequency of writing errors (omitting) sentences with SPOK patterned children with dysgraphia X decreased. So, it can be concluded that interactive learning media is effective in reducing writing errors in class II dysgraphia children at SD Negeri 060952

Surface-guided tram systems are increasingly being recognised not only as mobility instruments but also as agents of urban regeneration that reshape spatial and social dynamics. This study evaluates the configurational impact of the Trambesòs tram in Barcelona on accessibility, integration, and urban cohesion within the Levante del Besòs area. A Space Syntax analysis was conducted in UCL DepthmapX for axial map analysis and visual graph analysis within a 500 m radius around each station. Three typologies of intervention (site-specific, articulation axes, and saturation pieces) guided the assessment. This analysis shows that Avinguda Diagonal and Avinguda Meridiana are primary structural corridors, while stations Glòries, Ca l’Aranyó, and Pere IV recorded the highest accessibility and visual openness. The results indicate that targeted interventions have positive impacts on the Space Syntax metrics regardless of their spatial centrality, highlighting the critical role of this diverse intervention typology in shaping the study area’s spatial configuration and influencing a hierarchy of social appropriation and use. It is concluded that the Trambesòs tram and associated urban interventions have jointly enhanced centrality and permeability in key sectors, and specific peripheral enclaves have local functioning. These findings, focused on spatial and morphological patterns, may support future interventions in urban design and mobility planning. Although the analysis centres on spatial configuration, future research may integrate socioeconomic variables to broaden the understanding of regeneration processes.

In special education, multilevel models of single-case research have been used as a method of estimating treatment effects over time and across individuals. Although multilevel models can accurately summarize the effect, it is known that if the model is misspecified, inferences about the effects can be biased. Concern with the potential for model misspecification motivates our method for evaluating multilevel models of single-case data. This method is based on the visual analysis of graphs that have the model-implied individual trajectories superimposed on plots of the raw data. Through the reanalysis of a published study, we show how this visual analysis approach can identify model misspecifications and motivate the consideration of alternative model specifications that lead to better fit.

The number of visitors to the COEX Mall decreased after remodeling in 2013 contrary to the prediction that the number would increase. After remodeling, visitors had inconvenience with using the mall and difficulties figuring out their locations or surroundings. They suffered problems with spatial cognition and wayfinding.BR This study set out to compare the spatial structure of the mall before and after remodeling and identify factors to influence visitors’ spatial cognition. For methodology, the investigator employed axial map analysis and visual graph analysis(VGA) based on the space syntax theory and used integration and intelligibility as analysis indexes. The axial map analysis results show that the integration of the mall was higher before remodeling than after it. The level of integration was especially high at the main plaza, major anchor facilities and passages between them, which indicates that access to these spaces was high. These findings suggest that the utilization and access of the main plaza was high and that the availability of passages to the nearby plazas was high. The mall’s intelligibility was lower after remodeling, which means that the overall spatial cognition of the mall dropped after remodeling.BR The VGA analysis results reveal that the integration of the mall was higher after remodeling. It was relatively high at the plazas, which indicates that access to the plaza spaces was high. After remodeling, the paths to the entrances, plazas, and major anchor facilities increased, which broadened the scope of path choice for visitors. Increased paths to space meant lower access to it. That is, a simpler path would increase access to space and thus visitors’ spatial cognition.BR The study compared and analyzed the spatial structure of the mall before and after remodeling and found that decreased paths of action to the major anchor facilities led to fewer paths accessible by visitors and thus their increased access and spatial cognition.

The design of educational building has become increasingly important concurrently due to the needs interactive and engaging spaces for improved students’ academic performance. Conventional design of educational spaces invariably lack design aspects that facilitate engagement. Therefore, it has become the aim of this research to evaluate the spatial configuration a veterinary institute, based on the space syntax analysis from the spectrum of the level of wayfinding and permeability. The case study of this research is Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine an institutional building that is a globally renowned in the veterinary industry. Being at the forefront of research into animal well-being and the prevention of infectious diseases, the building's design emphasises providing cutting-edge educational spaces and fostering innovative curricula for educating future practitioners and researchers while also extending vital support to communities worldwide. The study uses the justified graph and visual graph analysis (VGA) based on DepthMapX software to identify the level of permeability and wayfinding of the designed spaces. The analysis demonstrates that a majority of the areas covered in the case study building have moderate integration levels and between high and moderate connectivity levels. Highly integrated and connected spaces are important in spatial design of educational institutions in providing allowing for cross-disciplinary collaboration and outstanding students’ engagement. In essence, the outcome of the study demonstrates the selected building typology case study building has a well-designed spatial configuration that emphasises the building’s main users.

Wayfinding is an activity related to the orientation and motion from first point to point of destination. Benefits of wayfinding in the area of education, namely as a means of helping direct a person to a destination so as to reduce the lostness and assist users in remembering the way through the role of space and objects wayfinding. Around 48% new students of University of Brawijaya (UB) 2015 that was ever lost when entering the campus. This shows the need for wayfinding concept to someone who was unfamiliar with the surrounding area as freshmen. This study uses mental map analysis to find the objects hierarchy wayfinding determination based on the respondents and the space syntax (visual graph analysis) as a hierarchy based on the determination of the configuration space. The overlay result say that hierarchy between both of analysis shows there are several objects which are potentially in wayfinding process on the campus of UB. The concept of wayfinding generate different treatment of the selected object based of wayfinding classification, both in maintaining the function of the object in space and develop the potential of the object wayfinding.

This paper highlights the role of Space Syntax as a method to analyze spatial quality in Low-income Housing (L-iH) in Malaysia. Low-income Housing (L-iH) schemes such as the People’s Housing Project (PPR) have been one of the government’s approaches in coping with housing shortage in the Klang Valley. These L-iH schemes have been reported to be unsatisfactory to the inhabitants’ comfort, social and cultural needs. It is therefore crucial to investigate the relationship between space and the occupants by assessing the indoor space visibility using Visual Graph Analysis (VGA) as part of Space Syntax method, as the analytical tool to improve the future designs of L-iH that will benefit the occupants, policymakers, low-income house developers and consultants, researchers in the architecture field, and society at large.