Designing a Policy Mechanism for Long-Duration Energy Storage: The British Experience

Construction policymaking: With an example of singaporean government’s policy to diffuse prefabrication to private sector

Despite recent successes, Brazilian income (cash) transfer policies remain controversial, and alternative approaches to income redistribution are being actively considered. This article contributes to this debate, analysing the effects of several alternative policies for income redistribution in the Brazilian economy using a computable general equilibrium model. Simulations were conducted consistent with the following policies: direct transfer of income, reduction of taxes, and incentives to agricultural exports. The results suggest that transfer of income is the most effective in promoting redistribution of income, with a positive impact on the level of welfare of the poorest households.

The article substantiates the expediency of a holistic analysis of the problem of professional training of choreographers in the British experience and the need to extrapolate it to the plane of the national system of higher choreographic education. The purpose of the study is to identify the organizational and didactic foundations of choreographic education in the British experience and substantiate innovative ideas for its use in Ukraine. The article defines the criteria of comparison (regulatory, organizational, semantic, methodological and technological), comparative and pedagogical analysis of choreographers’ professional training in the British and Ukrainian experience, and also common and different trends. The article uses research methods: theoretical: analysis, synthesis and generalization of pedagogical literature; interpretation and comparison; scientific extrapolation; empirical: study of the British experience, observation, conversations with students and teachers in Great Britain and Ukraine. Result. Based on comparative and pedagogical analysis of professional training of choreographers in the British and Ukrainian experience revealed familiar and different trends. The criteria of comparison are determined: normative-legal, organizational, semantic, methodical and technological. Common approaches to choreographers’training are justified. On the generalization of the identified features the specific recommendations for the use of progressive ideas abroad in the Ukrainian system of choreographic education are substantiated.

The full decarbonization of electric grids, as planned by the European Union and other Administrations for 2050, calls for energy storage (ES) systems capable of discharging at full power over periods longer than 4-5 hours, which is the typical duration of internal storage batteries such as Li-ion and Sa-X. Such long discharge periods are already in the capability of some energy storage technologies, notably pumped-hydro (PH) ES, which was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century and today accounts worldwide for 165 GW of power capacity and 1.6 TWh of energy storage, corresponding to 96% and 99% of the global storage figures, respectively. However, a major increase in ES demand is expected in the coming decades heading to 1.25 TW and 5 TWh by 2050, which cannot be covered by PH, due to geomorphological, environmental, and technical constraints. While conventional batteries (e.g. Li-ion, Na-ion) will continue to expand to face the growing demand for fast energy storage, the increasing request for Long Duration Energy Storage will rely on other technologies and Flow Batteries are emerging as strong candidates for taking over an important share.They are presently investigated and developed in over 50 different chemistries which range from low-medium to high Technological Readiness Level (TRL). The former include still technologically immature systems typically studied at laboratory level in small single cells (1–101 W) for characterizing materials, not systems. Research is focused on some chemistries based on non-critical materials, among which: Copper-Copper, Polysulfide-Bromine, Iron-Chromium, Zinc-Cerium, Organic compounds: Quinone, Viologen, TEMPO, Polymers of various nature, and Lithium-ion flow and some larger pilot systems have been made (102 kW) but related data is often classified or not accessible. The high TRL types are often already produced and marketed, even in very large sizes (10 kW–102 MW and 10 kWh–102 MWh) using chemistries such as: Vanadium-Vanadium, Zinc-Bromine, Iron-Iron, Hydrogen-Bromine. Although the all-vanadium type exhibits the best performance, it raises geopolitical issues due to the strong localization of ore reserves which make this metal a critical raw material (CRM), e.g. in the European Union. In this scenario the research on some iron-complex-based FBs is taking momentum due to wide accessibly and low cost of the metal, despite performance still call for major improvements. Techno-economic analyses and forecasts using tools such as the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) and the net present value (NPV) can provide important insight in addressing strategically the developing research. References EASE, Energy Storage - Targets 2030 and 2050, EASE Report, Reports and Studies, June 2022.Jeremy Twitchell, Kyle DeSomber, and Dhruv Bhatnagar. Defining long duration energy storage. J. Energy Storage, 60 (2023):105787.McKinsey & Company, Net-zero power – Long duration energy storage for a renewable grid, McKinsey & Company Report, November 2022.Böhmer, C. Fenske, C. Lorenz, M. Westbroek. Long-duration energy storage - Regulatory environment and business models in Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and Great Britain. Report created for SPRIND GmbH, Aurora Energy, June 2023Search.J. Guerra, J. Zhang, J. Eichman, P. Denholm, J. Kurtz, B.-M. Hodge, The value of seasonal energy storage technologies for the integration of wind and solar power, Energy Environ. Sci., 13 (7), (2020), 1909–1922. DOI: 10.1039/d0ee00771d.A. Hunter, M.M. Penev, E.P. Reznicek, J. Eichman, N. Rustagi, S.F. Baldwin, Techno-economic analysis of long-duration energy storage and flexible power generation technologies to support high-variable renewable energy grids, Joule, 5 (2021) 2077–2101. Doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.06.018.A. Dowling, K.Z. Rinaldi, T.H. Ruggles, S.J. Davis, M. Yuan, F. Tong, N.S. Lewis, K. Caldeira, Role of Long-Duration Energy Storage, in Variable Renewable Electricity Systems, Joule, 4 (2020), 1907–1928.Albertus, J.S. Manser, S. Litzelman, Long-Duration Electricity Storage Applications, Economics, and Technologies Joule, 4 (1), (2020), 21 - 32, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.11.009.Sanchez-Diez, E. Ventosa, M. Guarnieri, A. Trovò, C. Flox, R. Marcilla, F. Soavi, P. Mazur, E. Aranzabe, R. Ferret, “Redox flow batteries: status and perspective towards sustainable stationary energy storage”, J. Power Sources, 481, (2021) 228804. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228804.Poli, C. Bonaldo, M. Moretto, M. Guarnieri. Techno-economic assessment of industrial Vanadium Flow Batteries based on experimental data, Appl. Energy, 362 (2024) 122954. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122954.A. Kurilovich, A. Trovò, M. Pugach, K.J. Stevenson, M. Guarnieri, “Prospect of modeling industrial scale flow batteries – From experimental data to accurate overpotential identification,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 167 (2022) 112559. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112559.

This Article compares and contrasts the legal and political treatment of the detention of citizens during World War II in Great Britain and the United States. Specifically, it explores the detentions as they unfolded, the very different positions that President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill took with respect to the detention of citizens, and the manner in which British and American courts reviewed challenges brought by those detained during the war. Comparing the experiences of the two countries reveals that in both cases the courts deferred extensively to the political branches when it came to reviewing challenges to the wartime detention policies, essentially staking out roles that left them largely relegated to the sidelines of public debates over the propriety of internment policies. A comparison of the British and American experiences also reveals that, as the war continued, the two chief executives struck decidedly different positions as to the wisdom and lawfulness of detention policies directed at citizens. In the United States, Roosevelt ignored the legal advice of many of his key advisers regarding the unconstitutionality of the detention of Japanese American citizens and-again against the advice of his advisers-later delayed the closing of the internment camps until after the 1944 election. By contrast, Churchill-who operated in a different legal context that granted him greater powers than his American counterpart-came to view such policies as inconsistent with British constitutional tradition and became a crucial voice urging the termination of such detentions. The Article then attempts to understand both why the two executives charted different courses on this issue as the war unfolded and whether there are any lessons to be drawn from these events with respect to how we should think about the separation of powers during wartime today. Focusing on the British experience during the war, Churchill's change of course suggests that the executive can and sometimes will take the lead in declaring and protecting a country's constitutional values without prodding by the courts, even in wartime, and even in the absence of legal compulsion. But as is explored in the pages that follow, the British experience may be a particularly British story and more generally one that differed in significant ways from the American story. This, in turn, calls into question just how much the British experience during the war should inform debates over the separation of powers in American constitutional law. The American experience during the war, moreover, proves a cautionary tale. Specifically, it reveals a series of failings on the part of the executive branch to acknowledge and engage with the facts on the ground and honor long-accepted constitutional traditions in formulating wartime policies. This example therefore suggests that the executive branch is ill equipped to self-regulate on this score in times of war. These failings in turn call into question the common practice of courts to defer extensively to the executive on matters of national security and more generally implicate fundamental questions about the judicial role in a constitutional democracy. Although grounded in events that took place over seven decades ago, this study is undertaken for a very timely purpose. Once again, we live in a time in which the executive branch has argued that its decisions ostensibly predicated upon heightened concerns about national security should receive extensive, if not complete, deference from the Supreme Court. In addressing such arguments now and in the future, the Court would be wise to remember how judicial deference to executive branch assertions on matters of national security played out during World War II.

Techno-economic analysis of long-duration energy storage and flexible power generation technologies to support high-variable renewable energy grids

Introduction 1. England and France in the eighteenth century: a comparative analysis of two economic growths 2. Criticisms and self-criticisms of a comparison 3. When the Mediterranean looked to England 4. The sources of England's wealth: some French views in the eighteenth century 5. Capital formation in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution 7. Great Britain's response to the French Revolution and to Napoleon 8. Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792-1815 9. variations on the North Atlantic Triangle from York-town to Waterloo 10. Western Europe and Great Britain: 'catching up' in the first half of the nineteenth century 11. Trade and empire: the British experience from the establishment of free trade until the First World War 12. British coal in France in the nineteenth century 13. The core and the periphery of the core: Franco-british trade in the belle epoque 14. Problems of communication between Britain and france in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Index.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a general description of the nature and achievements of Ethical Finance considering mainly its development in two (almost opposite and therefore particularly interesting to compare) cases, Great Britain and Italy. The distance between the two seems mainly due to the different environment in which each started, especially in terms of the “standard” financial markets and institutions and therefore in people's attitude toward financial choices and their use of financial instruments. In Great Britain, where traditionally there are advanced and well developed financial markets, the major component of the Ethical financial world are the so‐called ethical (or socially responsible) investments and the institutions operating in this area, namely the Ethical funds (Ethical Unit Trusts) and the ethical finance advisors and rating agencies. In Italy, to the contrary, the financial markets and the stock exchange historically were the domain of a minority of families and remained for long a relatively small and not very competitive market. Despite a significant change in the last two decades, the stock exchange is still perceived (and used) mainly as a very speculative way of using the money. No wonder then that ethical financial initiatives in Italy started not within or parallel to the stock exchange but in response to different needs and demands and, up to now, stayed apart and away from such a market. In Italy they developed in response to the financial needs of subjects that could not find access to standard bank credit: workers’ co‐operatives and various initiatives within the “social” economy and the fair trade sector. The Mag movement (mutue autogestione) flourished in North (and partially Centre) Italy in the 1980s and from it, as a response to legislative changes and growing needs, started the foundation process of the Popular Ethical Bank (established only in 1999). The time and the conditions are now ready for further development, involving the creation of proper ethical funds etc. and the british experience in this area could be a very useful reference point.

The issues of development of nature reserves of each country combine consideration of the current state of the natural environment and the requirements of international institutions regarding conservation categories. The publication is based on a comparative geographical analysis of the structure and functioning of the nature reserve fund of Great Britain and Ukraine. In these two countries, nature conservation is at a different level of development and is characterized by a different spectrum of conservation categories. In Great Britain, a rather original system of protected objects and territories has been developed and their functioning has been ensured with the involvement of state and local authorities, scientific organizations and environmental public organizations. At the present stage, the functioning of certain groups of protected categories has been ensured in Great Britain. Among them: a group of reserves, a group of protected marine territories, a group of park territories and a group of picturesque objects. These groups simultaneously reflect the pan-European conservation categories, as well as its island position with adjacent seas. Ukrainian typification of nature reserves has a pronounced transitional nature – “Soviet” and European approaches are combined. Protected areas are divided into two groups: natural and artificially created. It is important for Ukraine to adopt the British experience for the needs of modernizing the protected area fund to ensure the joint activities of government bodies, scientific and public organizations. Among the protected categories that can be introduced in Ukraine are reserves of living and non-living nature and sites of scientific interest. They would expand the range of protected objects in Ukraine. The British experience of geoheritage preservation is especially indicative. The categories of preservation constitute a certain range: geological reserves, sites of scientific interest and status regional objects (RIGS). To expand the range of protected geological and geographical objects in Ukraine, it is possible to introduce geological reserves and sites of scientific interest. This diversifies such a category characteristic of Ukraine as geological monuments, depending on their scientific significance and accessibility. On the agenda for Ukrainian realities is the introduction of status categories, such as geoparks. There are several dozen geoparks in Britain, including those of global importance. In Ukraine, the introduction of geoparks of local (regional) and national importance is underway. Here it is possible to use the British experience of implementing this innovative category through the activation of local communities or through the initiative of state bodies to implement geoparks. Key words: protected areas and objects; nature conservation units; geoheritage; protected area categories; geopark.

Political scientists generally pay great attention to the creation of policies, but relatively little to the absence of policies. This article examines the reasons why Great Britain has not developed affirmative action policies, and in doing so, tries to shed some light on why the United States has. The author finds that both institutional and cultural factors explain the absence of preferential treatment in Great Britain, in particular the salience of the immigration issue, the absence of a leading oppressed group, the structure of the Labour Party and the electoral system, and the centralization of the British political system. The author argues that Great Britain seems to be moving along a different trajectory from that of the United States and that although their antidiscrimination policies are less developed than those in the United States, they may be more effective in the long term. As a result, the British experience may hold lessons for the United States.

The Value of Inter-Regional Coordination and Transmission in Decarbonizing the US Electricity System

This letter examines the effectiveness of various biofuel and climate policies in reducing future processing costs of cellulosic biofuels due to learning-by-doing. These policies include a biofuel production mandate alone and supplementing the biofuel mandate with other policies, namely a national low carbon fuel standard, a cellulosic biofuel production tax credit or a carbon price policy. We find that the binding biofuel targets considered here can reduce the unit processing cost of cellulosic ethanol by about 30% to 70% between 2015 and 2035 depending on the assumptions about learning rates and initial costs of biofuel production. The cost in 2035 is more sensitive to the speed with which learning occurs and less sensitive to uncertainty in the initial production cost. With learning rates of 5–10%, cellulosic biofuels will still be at least 40% more expensive than liquid fossil fuels in 2035. The addition of supplementary low carbon/tax credit policies to the mandate that enhance incentives for cellulosic biofuels can achieve similar reductions in these costs several years earlier than the mandate alone; the extent of these incentives differs across policies and different kinds of cellulosic biofuels.

This work gives insight into the behaviour of an electrorheological (ER) fluid exposed to an oscillatory strain stimulus. Electrorheological fluids can have their behaviour modified by the application of an external electric field. Because an ER fluid consists of a liquid containing small particles, the oscillatory response of the material differs widely from a material subjected to a steady uni-directional shear, due to the effect of the oscillatory motion breaking down the structure formed within the material. The application of a three element model to the oscillatory behaviour of an electrorheological fluid is given. The model consisting of a mechanical three element analogy was proposed in order to provide a parametric description of the behaviour, suitable for use in the design of engineering systems, which will possibly utilise these materials in the future. This model consists of an irreversible yielding type element, a non-linear softening elasticity and viscous energy loss terms. The combination of the elastic, viscous and yielding type elements model the form of the stress-strain rate and stress-strain diagrams very well. These diagrams were obtained experimentally from an oscillatory electrorheometer. Application of the model is shown for a variety of strain amplitudes, oscillatory frequencies and electric field strengths. From these data the variation of energy storage (elasticity) and loss (yielding and Newtonian flow) mechanisms are shown to vary in a complicated manner, dependent for a given field strength on strain amplitude, frequency and hence strain rate.

Anna Davin, in discussing her research of childhood history, offers an intriguing example of how she pieced together information about the step-cleaning girls of London in the late nineteenth century from a series of written fragments. She calls this the 'jigsaw strategy' and that is a useful term to describe the method that has been used here.This research is as much concerned with making a contribution to the history of working class childhood in the mid-nineteenth century as it is with contributing to the history of juvenile transportation to the Australian colonies. The juveniles who are the major focus of the work are these from Great Britain and Ireland who were sentenced to transportation and despatched to New South Wales and Van Diemen's land in the eighteen-thirties and eighteen-forties. One aim of the investigation was to discover how those juveniles found themselves in that particular position at that particular time.

This article will be concerned with the effects of differing constitutional traditions and constitutional provisions on policy-making and on policy-delivery, as suggested by a comparison of the implementation of the programmes of privatisation of public enterprises in France and Great Britain. This should provide a particularly useful case study for students of comparative law and politics, as both nations adopted extensive privatisation with the ascent to power of governments of the Right; indeed, the earlier British privatisation programme offered an important source of inspiration for France. However, there have been major differences in the nature of the enterprises to be sold, in the means of evaluation and share pricing adopted and in relations with government after privatisation. I will concentrate on discussion of France, referring to Britain for comparative purposes, as material on British experience is more easily available. Indeed, in some ways this article can be seen as complementing earlier work done in this journal by myself and a colleague on the constitutional implications of privatisation on this side of the Channel.' A number of different aspects of the comparative privatisation process will be of interest to lawyers. Thus, for example, the legal forms and instruments adopted have been very different in the two nations, and this raises themes receiving increasing attention in valuable recent studies of law as an instrument of economic policy.2 However, this type of comparison will not be made here.3 Rather, the central theme will be the degree to which the different constitutional arrangements of the two nations have imposed constraints on the freedom of manoeuvre of governments implementing their privatisation programmes, and, in particular, the degree to which they have succeeded in imposing some degree of public scrutiny on the process of policy implementation. In particular, I will examine the role of the written constitution as interpreted by the Conseil constitutionnel in France in imposing structural constraints on the relationship between governmental policy and broader conceptions of public interest and citizenship. In examining this subject, one finds a major theme in the literature of comparative political economy to be that different patterns of economic development in the two nations can be ascribed in part to differences in the role and organisation of the state. Thus Shonfield, in his pioneering and influential study, associates economic liberalism with a particularly British type of capitalist development: