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Abstract
ABSTRACT Growing environmental concerns call for supply chains that balance cost-efficiency with emission reduction, yet many models overlook customer behavior on distribution and recycling. This study introduces a dual-channel production-distribution network using customer segmentation to optimize costs, emissions, and recycling returns. A multi-objective model connects operational costs with environmental outcomes, compares online and intermediary sales, and includes recycling strategies with penalties. Results show that segmentation boosts channel efficiency, cutting emissions by 12–18%, while online sales reduce transport emissions by 9–15%. Exact algorithms outperform heuristics by 20–30% in speed and precision. This work fills a gap in sustainable supply chain research by integrating customer-centric strategies. Aligning channel choices with consumer behavior enhances sustainability without raising costs, providing actionable insights for eco-efficient operations. The study’s scientific value lies in validating behavioral segmentation’s role in green supply chains, advancing theory and practice in emission reduction.
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