Design of 2D Fitts' law experiments: An odd thing about targets.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of different task constraints on the participants’ adaptation when performing a 3D visuomotor tracking task in a virtual environment.Methods: Twenty-three voluntary participants were tested with the HTC Vive Pro Eye VR headset in a task that consisted of tracking a virtual target moving in a cube with an effector controlled with the preferred hand. Participants had to perform 120 trials according to three task constraints (i.e., gain, size, and speed), each performed according to four randomized conditions. The target-effector distance and elbow range of movement were measured.Results: The results showed an increase in the distance to the target when the task constraints were the strongest. In addition, a change in movement kinematics was observed, involving an increase in elbow amplitude as task constraints increased. It also appeared that the depth dimension played a major role in task difficulty and elbow amplitude and coupling in the tracking task.Conclusion: This research is an essential step towards characterizing interactions with a 3D virtual environment and showing how virtual constraints can facilitate arm’s involvement in the depth dimension.

BackgroundMost studies of smartphone-based assessments of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) focused on gait, tremor or speech. Studies evaluating bradykinesia using wearable sensors are limited by a small cohort size and study design. We developed an application named smartphone tapper (SmT) to determine its applicability for clinical purposes and compared SmT parameters to current standard methods in a larger cohort.MethodsA total of 57 PD patients and 87 controls examined with motor UPDRS underwent timed tapping tests (TT) using SmT and mechanical tappers (MeT) according to CAPSIT-PD. Subjects were asked to alternately tap each side of two rectangles with an index finger at maximum speed for ten seconds. Kinematic measurements were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe mean number of correct tapping (MCoT), mean total distance of finger movement (T-Dist), mean inter-tap distance, and mean inter-tap dwelling time (IT-DwT) were significantly different between PD patients and controls. MCoT, as assessed using SmT, significantly correlated with motor UPDRS scores, bradykinesia subscores and MCoT using MeT. Multivariate analysis using the SmT parameters, such as T-Dist or IT-DwT, as predictive variables and age and gender as covariates demonstrated that PD patients were discriminated from controls. ROC curve analysis of a regression model demonstrated that the AUC for T-Dist was 0.92 (95% CI 0.88–0.96).ConclusionOur results suggest that a smartphone tapping application is comparable to conventional methods for the assessment of motor dysfunction in PD and may be useful in clinical practice.

Research consistently shows that those in poor health are less likely to migrate over long distances, but analyses rarely consider what constitutes a long distance in this context. Additionally, the migration literature often fails to account for place of residence effects on migration behaviour. This paper addresses these issues through analysis of the distance of residential moves by working age adults in the year preceding the 2011 Census. Multilevel logistic regression models predict the odds of having moved long‐distance relative to short distance, for different definitions of long distance: ≥10 km, ≥20 km and ≥50 km. We test whether those reporting a limiting long‐term illness (LLTI) are less likely to move long distance in all models, controlling for local authority at the time of the 2011 Census. We find no evidence for health selection in long‐distance migration in the 10 and 20 km models, but uncover a significant effect in the 50 km model. By age, the odds of having moved long distance do not vary for middle‐working age adults (25–54) by LLTI, whereas those with an LLTI in the pre‐retirement age group (55–64) are less likely to move long distance in all models. We uncover clusters of local authorities where those with an LLTI are more likely to have moved long distance in the 10 and 20 km models, but in the 50 km model, only two of these areas remain significantly positive. We conclude that health selection in distances moved occurs above a cut‐off somewhere between 20 and 50 km.

Hand pose estimation (HPE) plays an important role during the functional assessment of the hand and in potential rehabilitation. It is a challenge to predict the pose of the hand conveniently and accurately during functional tasks, and this limits the application of HPE. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture of a shifted attention regression network (SARN) to perform HPE. Given a depth image, SARN first predicts the spatial relationships between points in the depth image and a group of hand keypoints that determine the pose of the hand. Then, SARN uses these spatial relationships to infer the 3D position of each hand keypoint. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on three open-source datasets of 3D hand poses: NYU, ICVL, and MSRA. The proposed method achieved state-of-the-art performance with 7.32 mm, 5.91 mm, and 7.17 mm of mean error at the hand keypoints, i.e., mean Euclidean distance between the predicted and ground-truth hand keypoint positions. Additionally, to test the feasibility of SARN in hand movement recognition, a hand movement dataset of 26K depth images from 17 healthy subjects was constructed based on the finger tapping test, an important component of neurological exams administered to Parkinson’s patients. Each image was annotated with the tips of the index finger and the thumb. For this dataset, the proposed method achieved a mean error of 2.99 mm at the hand keypoints and comparable performance on three task-specific metrics: the distance, velocity, and acceleration of the relative movement of the two fingertips. Results on the open-source datasets demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method, and results on our finger tapping dataset validated its potential for applications in functional task characterization.

In the biomedical domain, visualizing the document embeddings of an extensive corpus has been widely used in information-seeking tasks. However, three key challenges with existing visualizations make it difficult for clinicians to find information efficiently. First, the document embeddings used in these visualizations are generated statically by pretrained language models, which cannot adapt to the user's evolving interest. Second, existing document visualization techniques cannot effectively display how the documents are relevant to users' interest, making it difficult for users to identify the most pertinent information. Third, existing embedding generation and visualization processes suffer from a lack of interpretability, making it difficult to understand, trust and use the result for decision-making. In this paper, we present a novel visual analytics pipeline for user-driven document representation and iterative information seeking (VADIS). VADIS introduces a prompt-based attention model (PAM) that generates dynamic document embedding and document relevance adjusted to the user's query. To effectively visualize these two pieces of information, we design a new document map that leverages a circular grid layout to display documents based on both their relevance to the query and the semantic similarity. Additionally, to improve the interpretability, we introduce a corpus-level attention visualization method to improve the user's understanding of the model focus and to enable the users to identify potential oversight. This visualization, in turn, empowers users to refine, update and introduce new queries, thereby facilitating a dynamic and iterative information-seeking experience. We evaluated VADIS quantitatively and qualitatively on a real-world dataset of biomedical research papers to demonstrate its effectiveness.

Information processing in the primate visual system

This paper presents a review of 71 research papers related to a distance-based clustering (DBC) technique for efficiently assessing reservoir uncertainty. The key to DBC is to select a few models that can represent hundreds of possible reservoir models. DBC is defined as a combination of four technical processes: distance definition, distance matrix construction, dimensional reduction, and clustering. In this paper, we review the algorithms employed in each step. For distance calculation, Minkowski distance is recommended with even order due to sign problem. In the case of clustering, K-means algorithm has been commonly used. DBC has been applied to various reservoir types from channel to unconventional reservoirs. DBC is effective for unconventional resources and enhanced oil recovery projects that have a significant advantage of reducing the number of reservoir simulations. Recently, DBC studies have been performed with deep learning algorithms for feature extraction to define a distance and for effective clustering.

Many studies have sought to identify interdisciplinary research as a function of the diversity of disciplines identified in an article's references or citations. However, given the constant evolution of the scientific landscape, disciplinary boundaries are shifting and blurring, making it increasingly difficult to describe research within a strict taxonomy. In this work, we explore the potential for graph learning methods to learn embedded representations for research papers that encode their 'interdisciplinarity' in a citation network. This facilitates the identification of interdisciplinary research without the use of disciplinary categories. We evaluate these representations and their ability to identify interdisciplinary research, according to their utility in interdisciplinary citation prediction. We find that those representations which preserve structural equivalence in the citation graph are best able to predict distant, interdisciplinary interactions in the network, according to multiple definitions of citation distance.

This research paper attempts to introduce the problems and prospective in Distance Education System in India. This paper begins with the definition of distance learning and then proceeds to tell about the types of distance learning. It discusses and analyses the synchronous and asynchronous of distance education delivery system and emphasizes that the asynchronous method is more flexible than synchronous instruction. It also emphasizes that the instructional design, technology and support are the elements which are of paramount importance to any successful distance education program. The history of distance learning narrates the development of distance learning and discusses how it found an alternative method to the then existing effective system which brought the students together to one place and one time to learn from one of the masters. It reveals how the pioneers of distance education used the best technology of their days to open educational opportunities to people who were unable to attend the regular conventional institutions. It also lists and discusses the problems such as lack of student’s co-ordination, conducting examinations, publishing results and other related problems. Further, it attempts to converse on the origin, salient features, and the technologies used in distance education in India. It also brings out the four themes of distance education system and their prospective. Finally, it summarizes and suggests solutions for the problems faced in distance education and also widens the scope of any researcher to further research on the problems and prospective in distance education and to improve the values in distance education system of learning in India. Key words: distance education, definition and types, technology, problems and prospective.

The performance comparison of two head-controlled interaction systems was made using a multi-directional tapping test on the basis of Fitts’ paradigm, as recommended by ISO 9241-9 standard. Both investigated input systems were based on head position and movements visual recognition by a camera and a special software. The study was made on the sample of 14 healthy subjects without motoric deficiencies, with counterbalanced within-subject experiment design. Both systems were marked by similar error rates (average 23.45%), while their throughput values were significantly different (0.67 versus 1.92 bit/s). Additionally, a comparison of performance characteristics with several other head activated systems was made by means of a literature review.

Fatigue problems in remote pointing and the use of an upper-arm support

This PhD thesis document is a collection of several of my published (and submitted) peer review journal articles from underneath the Human Factors of Automated Driving (HF Auto, PITN-GA-2013-605817) seventh framework program (FP7) of the European Commission. The topics include: human factors, automotive road safety, autonomous/automated driving technology, human supervisory control, adaptive automation, driver state monitoring, and scene-tied (situated) eye-based assessments of attention. Outside of the publications are summary, introduction, and conclusion chapters as well as contribution appendices to tie all the related work together. Summary: Like fatigue and distraction driving aids before, the advent of additional driving automation/autonomy poses new challenges for protecting road users now against vigilance decrements. Within the larger Human Factors of Automated Driving (HFAuto) project, the goal of this thesis was ‘to develop a system that is able to monitor the driver’s vigilance’. The approach taken was to investigate vigilance from a cognitive systems engineering (ecological perspective). Instead of conceptually restricting vigilance to be some kind of internal cognitive state/property of a driver, this thesis treated vigilance as a state/property of a system (i.e., the relationship between a driver and driving scene/situation). This thesis contains seven research papers in the form of literature reviews and experiments with eye-tracking, driving video clips, driving simulation, and on-road semi-naturalistic observation. It can be concluded form this thesis, that to develop driver monitoring systems (DMS) of driving vigilance, eye measurements (especially of movement distances) and scene contents (especially road curvatures and collision hazards) are important and relatable factors. Furthermore, it is concluded that these factors are obtainable in viable ways for future research and development application efforts. Specifically, the studies suggest means for DMS to be targeted to protect and maintain a foundational level or inner-most loop of driving attention at a behavioral level (rather than interactive implicit cognitive layers and representational experiences that can be added on top). An applied observational, data-driven, and behavioral/situated approach is expected to better avoid higher order cognitive ambiguity/dilemmas, and so serves to make more end-user acceptable DMS more tractable.

We are all know that the Ramanujan’s theory of calculating the sum of all the natural number. When we came to known that sum of all-natural number is ,that time everyone thinks about two things, one is how it possible that sum of positive number is negative & other is how it is very close to zero. Another research paper gives value of all natural number is then I started the study of this sum, then I find it is as zero. Quit interestingly but this value has more important than Ramanujan’s sum because I did not consider the Grandi series for calculating this sum. And then it is very easy to calculate the sum of negative integer & sum of all odd natural number & sum of all even natural number.

The problem of poor data quality stored in database-backed information systems is widespread in the governmental, commercial and industrial environments. Alarming situations with various information quality problems can not be ignored anymore and theoretical as well as pragmatic approaches are urgently needed to be proposed and validated. As a consequence, information quality is now becoming one of the hot topics of emerging interest in the academic and industrial communities.Many processes and applications (such as information system integration, information retrieval, and knowledge discovery from databases) require various forms of data preparation or repair with several data processing techniques, because the data input to the application-dedicated algorithms is assumed to conform to nice data distributions, containing no missing, inconsistent or incorrect values. This leaves a large gap between the available "dirty" data and the available machinery to process the data for application purposes.The Second Edition of the International Workshop IQIS 2005 (Information Quality in Information Systems) is held in Baltimore, MD, USA, on June 17, 2005. The workshop is sponsored by ACM and in conjunction with the Symposium on Principles of Database System (PODS) and the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. IQIS workshop focuses on database-centric issues in data quality (scalability, quality-aware query processing, applications like data integration). It intends to address methods, techniques of massive data processing and analysis, methodologies, new algorithmic approaches or frameworks for designing data quality metrics in order to understand and to explore data quality, to end data glitches (as data quality problems such as duplicates, errors, outliers, contradictions, inconsistencies, etc.) and to ensure both data and information quality of database-backed information systems.The 11 papers collected in this volume, out of 26 papers that were submitted (with 10 short papers and 16 research papers), are a significant sample of recent achievements in the various areas of information and data quality, ranging from quality models to record linkage and statistical techniques.

To correctly define the damage point on High Voltage Electro Transmission Line it is important to be determined precisely the parameter of electro system using the result of repeatedly observation of Accident regimen parameter for correct definition of Damage point on High Voltage Electro Transmission Line.