Design concept for electrocatalysts

The purpose of this study is to identify perceptions of students studying at faculty of engineering regarding science, technology and design through metaphors. The sample group is consisted of a total of 130 students who are at the first, second, third and fourth year of their education in civil engineering department of a state university in the Eastern Black Sea region. The data of the study is collected by having students complete the following sentences: “Science is like ……..; because ……..”, “Technology is like ……..; because ……..”, “Design is like ……..; because ……..”. In this study, which uses phenomenological research pattern within the framework of qualitative research perspective, the data obtained is analyzed through content analysis. In the research, it is seen that metaphors identified by most of the students regarding the concept of science are “space”, “ocean” and “tree”, regarding the concept of technology are “food” and “human”, regarding the concept of design is “imagination”. At the end of the study, it is found that most of the students perceive the concept of science as “infinite”, “changing and developing”, “enlightening”, “life source” and “nerve-shredding”, the concept of technology as “changing and developing”, “facilitating”, “harmful as much as beneficial” and “unlimited”, the concept of design as “imaginary”. Moreover, it is identified that metaphors produced regarding concepts of science and technology are more in numbers compared to metaphors produced regarding the concept of design.

To test a new concept in bracket design-the tip and torque adjustable bracket (TTAB)-to identify its integral ability to change both tip and torque. The newly designed TTAB underwent independent testing using the orthodontic measurement and simulation system. The TTAB incorporated Roth tip and torque prescription values, with the unique quality of the bracket to enhance or reduce the innate prescribed values of tip (by either +10° or -10°) and torque (by either +7.5° or -7.5°). The TTAB was tested using both the incorporated standard Roth prescription on the rate of canine retraction (sliding mechanics), using 0.018-inch stainless-steel (SS) arch wire, and with alteration of tip values (-10° and +10°). Similarly, frictional measurements and torque evaluations using 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS arch wire were undertaken with the standard prescription and altered torque (+7.5° and -7.5°). In addition, a number of control investigations were performed. Differences were analyzed using analysis of variance. The rate of observed tooth movement for the TTAB with its prescribed baseline values was comparable to that of the control brackets. Importantly, the alteration of TTAB tip to -10° and +10° significantly (P < .001) increased and reduced, respectively, the rates of canine retraction. In the alteration of torque, at +7.5° and -7.5°, the bracket delivered a moment of +9.3 (2.8) Nmm and -11.9 (3.8) Nmm, respectively, to the lateral incisor (P < .001). This in vitro study demonstrates a new concept in preadjusted edgewise bracket design, offering adjustable tip and torque, with the potential for expanded clinical scope.

The purpose of the article. Identify prospects and summarize the characteristics of conceptual design in architecture and design in the context of project thinking at the present stage for scientifically sound use of the principles of conceptual design. Research methodology. It is based on the integrated use of general scientific research methods: analysis of literary and archival sources, field research and fixation, analysis of project materials, analysis of the development of the functional structure of architectural space, generalization of previously proposed ideas and proposals. Scientific novelty. On the basis of the conducted scientific researches and the analysis of the existing literature data in the field of conceptual designing in architectural and design creativity: generalized general principles of conceptual design; characteristic features of design concepts in architecture and design are revealed; generalized and systematized the experience of existing approaches to the formation of project concepts in architectural and design practice; it is proved that the project concept is the starting point for the formation of architectural and design projects; the basic principles of formation of conceptual design in architectural and design work in the context of expression of the basic idea of the future project are defined. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the characteristic features of design concepts in architecture and design are determined, methodological principles of conceptual design formation in architectural and design are formulated, the main platforms of design of modern architectural and design creativity are revealed. In addition, when creating a design and creative concept of projects in modern design (artistic) design must be based on the following integrated categories: image, function, form, aesthetics, harmony, innovation, style. In the context of this study, the characteristic aspects of the concept are highlighted, namely: the concept in the design project ensures the unity of the idea and ways of its further implementation; all elements of the design project are interconnected through the design concept; in the process of design and implementation, the components of frequent design concepts can be expanded and modified; the design concept is influenced by the beliefs and thinking of the designer; the concept of the project is the result of the creativity of the designer (architect); the concept is characterized by individuality. Conceptual design is the most creative part of architectural and design activities. The project is dominated by the ideas of forming spaces, objects and images. Conceptual design in design plays such an important role that it is impossible to overestimate even theoretically, because it is not just about some important component of the project, but about its main idea. It is the conceptual design in the design that largely determines the appearance of the future object. Key words: conceptual design, project concept, design project, architectural project.

Conceptual design and flight simulation of space stations

Aircraft conceptual design traditionally utilizes simplified analysis methods and empirical equations to establish the basic layout of new aircraft. Applying optimization methods to aircraft conceptual design may yield solutions that are found to violate constraints when more sophisticated analysis methods are introduced. The designer's confidence that proposed conceptual designs will meet their performance target is limited when conventional optimization approaches are utilized. Therefore, there is a need for an optimization approach that takes into account the uncertainties that arise when traditional analysis methods are used in aircraft conceptual design optimization. This research introduces a new aircraft conceptual design optimization approach that utilizes the concept of Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO). RyeMDO, a framework for multi-objective, multi-disciplinary RBDO was developed for this purpose. The performance and effectiveness of the RBDO-MDO approaches implemented in RyeMDO were evaluated to identify the most promising approaches for aircraft conceptual design optimization. Additionally, an approach for quantifying the errors introduced by approximate analysis methods was developed. The approach leverages available historical data to quantify the uncertainties introduced by approximate analysis methods in two engineering case studies: the conceptual design optimization of an aircraft wing box structure and the conceptual design optimization of a commercial aircraft. The case studies were solved with several of the most promising RBDO-MDO integrated approaches. The proposed approach yields more conservative solutions and estimates the risk associated with each solution, enabling designers to reduce the likelihood that conceptual aircraft designs will fail to meet objectives later in the design process.

Guest Editorial

Aircraft conceptual design traditionally utilizes simplified analysis methods and empirical equations to establish the basic layout of new aircraft. Applying optimization methods to aircraft conceptual design may yield solutions that are found to violate constraints when more sophisticated analysis methods are introduced. The designer's confidence that proposed conceptual designs will meet their performance target is limited when conventional optimization approaches are utilized. Therefore, there is a need for an optimization approach that takes into account the uncertainties that arise when traditional analysis methods are used in aircraft conceptual design optimization. This research introduces a new aircraft conceptual design optimization approach that utilizes the concept of Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO). RyeMDO, a framework for multi-objective, multi-disciplinary RBDO was developed for this purpose. The performance and effectiveness of the RBDO-MDO approaches implemented in RyeMDO were evaluated to identify the most promising approaches for aircraft conceptual design optimization. Additionally, an approach for quantifying the errors introduced by approximate analysis methods was developed. The approach leverages available historical data to quantify the uncertainties introduced by approximate analysis methods in two engineering case studies: the conceptual design optimization of an aircraft wing box structure and the conceptual design optimization of a commercial aircraft. The case studies were solved with several of the most promising RBDO-MDO integrated approaches. The proposed approach yields more conservative solutions and estimates the risk associated with each solution, enabling designers to reduce the likelihood that conceptual aircraft designs will fail to meet objectives later in the design process.

Reliability is often considered to be one of the most important launch vehicle requirements and design parameters. In many NASA and US Air Force launch vehicle studies, reliability assessment results become one of the necessary attributes to support configuration and design option down-selections. One of our early papers discussed a comprehensive set of reliability drivers related to launch vehicle liquid propulsion engine systems, and presented a reliability model that parametrically analyzes some of the key reliability parameters. This paper extends that reliability model by analyzing more reliability parameters including: engine-out switching reliability; engine component, subsystem and system inherent designed reliability; manufacturing, inspection and operation capability and human error effects on the system reliability. The paper focuses the discussion on design-for-reliability starting from vehicle and propulsion system feasibility study, concept exploration, and early design stages (conceptual and preliminary designs). For the inherent designed reliability modeling, this paper introduces a Complexity Index (CI) approach that correlates the inherent designed reliability to the engine complexity related to the engine configuration, structural and performance requirements. For the manufacturing, inspection, testing, operation capability and human error effects on the system reliability, an As-built/As-tested/As-used Effectiveness Index (AI) is defined to address the delta between the inherent reliability and real flight reliability. Both the CI and AI indexes evolve from an abstract level to a detailed design level as design and development progresses from feasibility study, conceptual exploration, architectural design, to conceptual design, detailed design, testing, and to flight certification. The use of these two indexes to guide design-for-reliability starting from architectural and conceptual design to the detailed design is discussed and illustrative examples are presented. With the enhanced reliability model and the design-for-reliability approach, a more reliable, safer and affordable liquid propulsion engine system can be developed.

Latent Semantic Engineering – A new conceptual user-centered design approach

The specific objectives of this study were to establish Redox Energy Storage System conceptual production designs, estimate production cost, and establish the influence of various parameters on production cost. A conceptual design and cost estimate was prepared for each of two energy storage applications: (1) an electric utility 100-MWh requirement (10 MW for 10 hours) for energy storage for utility load leveling application, and (2) a 500-kWh requirement (10 kW for 50 hours) for use with a variety of residential or commercial applications, including stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems. The conceptual system designs were based on cell performance levels, system design parameters, and special material costs supplied by NASA early in the study. Results show the Redox cell stack to be amenable to mass production techniques with a relatively low material cost. Specific cost is estimated to be $12.50 to $13.00/ft/sup 2/ which translated to $5.60/kWh for the 500 kWh application and $13.04/kWh for the shorter discharge time 100 MWh mission. In both cases the cell stack cost is a minor factor in total estimated cost. In both applications, system cost is dominated by the cost of the reactants, electrolyte, and associated tankage. (WHK)

The worldwide demand for methyl chloride is continuously increasing because of its industrial applications and the rapid development of the electronics and automotive sectors. Various chemical intermediates and end products from methyl chloride are demanding the increased production of this chemical product. Chlorination of methane and the hydrochlorination of methanol are the industrially existing processes. The stringent environmental regulations and the competition in the market demand the search for alternative processes or process modifications to improve the efficiency of the existing process plants. To meet these requirements continuous research is going on to improve the process efficiencies in terms of yield and environmental concerns. In this research, industrially existing processes and the recent production trends information is provided systematically. To fill the gap between the chemists and the process engineers conceptual design information is provided for both the industrially existing processes and the recent production trends. For simplicity, production processes are divided into catalytic and non-catalytic processes. A total of 11 conceptual process designs are identified from the systematic review and for all the processes conceptual designs are provided. Detailed discussions on recent developments on methyl chloride production processes, advantages, and the process challenges of various technologies are also presented.

This paper studies data work in an organizational context, and suggests speculative data work as a useful concept and the speculative dashboard as a design concept, to better understand and support cooperative work. Drawing on fieldwork in a Danish public sector organisation, the paper identifies and conceptualizes the speculative data work performed around processes of digitalization and the push to become data-driven. The speculative dashboard is proposed as a design concept and opportunity for design, using practices from speculative design and research to facilitate speculation about data?its sources, visualizations, practices and infrastructures. It does so by hacking the 'genre' of the business intelligence data dashboard, and using it as a framework for the juxtaposition of different kinds of data, facilitating and encouraging speculation on alternative visions for data types and use. The paper contributes an empirical study of organizational use of and attitudes towards data, informing a novel design method and concept for co-speculating on alternative visions of and for organizational data.

The turnaround process constitutes an important part of the air transportation system. Airports often represent bottlenecks in air traffic management (ATM), thus operations related to the preparation of the aircraft for the next flight leg have to be executed smoothly and in a timely manner. The ATM significantly depends on a reliable turnaround process. Future paradigm changes with respect to airplane energy sources, aircraft design or propulsion concepts will also influence the airport layout. As a consequence, operational processes associated with the turnaround will be affected. Airlines aim for efficient and timely turnaround operations that are correlated with higher profits. This case study discusses an approach to investigate a new aircraft design with respect to the implications on the turnaround. The boarding process, as part of the turnaround, serves as an example to evaluate the consequences of new design concepts. This study is part of an interdisciplinary research to investigate future energy, propulsion and designs concepts and their implications on the whole ATM system. Due to these new concepts, several processes of the turnaround will be affected. For example, new energy storage concepts will influence the fueling process on the aircraft itself or might lead to a new infrastructure at the airport. This paper aims to evaluate the applied methodology in the case of a new boarding process, due to a new aircraft design, by means of a generic example. An agent-based boarding simulation is applied to assess passenger behavior during boarding, particularly with regard to cabin layout and seat configuration. The results of the generic boarding simulation are integrated into a simplified, deterministic and generic simulation of the turnaround process. This was done to assess the proposed framework for future investigations which on the one hand address the ATM system holistically and on the other, incorporate additional or adapted processes of the turnaround.

23 Ss were administered the Dogmatism Scale (D), an Embedded-figures Test (EFT), and a modification of the Heidbreder conceptual learning task. A multiple regression analysis tested the influence of field independence, dogmatism, and their interaction with the first trial on which S identified every instance of a general concept serving as the criterion. It was predicted that: (1) object concepts would be easier than design concepts and these would be easier than number concepts; (2) field-independent Ss would experience less difficulty with the design and number concepts; (3) field-independent Ss who were also open-minded would require fewer trials for all concepts, whereas field-dependent closed-minded Ss would experience the greatest difficulty with all concepts. Hypotheses were supported differentially for object, design, and number concepts.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that would help manufacturers to select the design concept that provides optimal solutions to the entire value chain involving multiple functional teams such as product design, development, planning, sourcing, service and marketing. The selection of an optimal design concept is based on the highest value index of a design concept. This is derived from quality function deployment (QFD) and a functional analysis system using customer requirement, quality deployment, development and design constraint as inputs. The framework systematically considers different alternatives to converge at an optimal solution. Design/methodology/approach All high-level product requirements from customer and market analysis are translated into different engineering parameters using QFD. Thereafter, the functional analysis system technique (FAST) is employed to determine the range of functions and identify components that would achieve different functionalities. The relative importance of each function is determined by functional cost analyses, enabling us to generate different design concepts. Thereafter, business parameters are extracted from the business objective of each functional area. These business parameters are compared with different design concepts using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP), thus evolving the enterprise value index (EVI) for each design concept. Findings The design concepts are evaluated with different business parameters using the AHP methodology to form EVI. The design concept 2 with highest enterprise EVI (4.549) is selected for further development. To validate the consistency of the business parameters, the consistency ratio (CR) has been calculated using Saaty’s Eigenvector method. The value of CR is 8.4 per cent, which indicates that the judgment made in this paper as far as populating the business parameters weight matrix is concerned is quite reasonable. This framework would enable an enterprise’s dealing in the area of complex engineering systems/aggregates to choose the design concept that would maximize the value of the enterprise. Originality/value This research develops an integrated methodology for design concept selection from an enterprise point of view. Major functional agencies and their respective attributes are considered for the development of the framework and subsequent selection. An enterprise’s mission and vision framework function as the primary input for the extraction of related attributes of the functional agency.