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Abstract
Innovative water-saving technologies aim to address the problem of water scarcity in agriculture, which faces significant challenges in solving the problem of agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. This study specifically focuses on establishing a promising low-cost method to solve water scarcity and agriculture issues in semi-arid and arid areas. The objective of this study is to find an innovative engineering solution to design, manufacture, and produce an engineered product that has the potential to assist and change agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Design and manufacture of an innovative engineering product in the form of absorbent tiles (ATs), ATs can absorb and retain large volumes of water, helping to maintain moisture, and consistent moisture levels promote better root growth, and nutrient supply leading to healthier plants and increased crop yields, and reduce the need for frequent irrigation. The study objective was achieved by synthesis of two superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) materials, the synthesis of sodium polyacrylate (hydrogel#1) with five varying cross-linker content (wt.), synthesis of poly (sodium acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (hydrogel#2) with five varying cross-linker content (wt.), prepare the agriculture residual rice straw (RS) fiber length with three dimensions as a filler, prepare the natural adhesive (NA) solution as a biopolymer backbone, and design and manufacture hydraulic manual press ( test rig). These composites were mixed, compressed, and shaped to design and manufacture two tiles including AT1 (AT-NaPA) and AT2 (AT-AGMA) with different dimensions according to the effect root zone of the plant type to absorb and retain rainwater dew water and reduce irrigation frequency. Furthermore, ATs improve plant growth and nutrient supply under aridity condition and facilitate water conservation.
Highlights
Agriculture is important for food production, economic development, sustainability, environment, and culture importance[1]
Are some common types polyacrylamide-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are synthetic polymers that absorb and retain water efficiently, starch-grafted SAPs are made by chemically grafting synthetic polymers onto natural starch, offering a biodegradable alternative, cellulose-based SAPs are derived from plant cellulose, these polymers are environmentally friendly and biodegradable, polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) SAPs are known for their water absorption capacity, these are used in agricultural soil amendments, chitosan-based SAPs are made from chitin, these are organic and biodegradable, making them ecofriendly for sustainable farming, and natural rubber or protein-based SAPs are derived from natural materials and are gaining popularity for their biodegradability
The potential of hydrogen (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) results of AT1 (AT-NaPA) and AT2 (AT-AGMA) are obtained by adding rice straw (RS) and natural adhesive (NA) composites with NaPA or AGMA, the pH results decrease and the EC results increase
Summary
Agriculture is important for food production, economic development, sustainability, environment, and culture importance[1]. Manufacture, and produce an engineering product in the form of an AT, as this AT assists in the replacement of the sandy soil functions in semi-arid and arid areas For easy interchangeability, these AT dimensions are according to the effect root zone dimensions of the plant type. The fourth-step is the experimental analysis for ten samples synthesizing of two materials recipes (hydrogels) includes five different cross-linker content, (wt.) of sodium polyacrylate (NaPA), and poly (sodium acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (AGMA) according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standards Evaluating their performance involves several analyses to assess their properties such as, gravimetric14include swelling capacity, absorption kinetics, gel fraction, water absorbency, protentional of hydrogen (pH)[15], electrical conductivity (EC)[16], and effect of temperature[17]. Physical properties include bulk density, porosity, pH, and electrical conductivity, and pF curve[23]
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