Design and Implementation of Low-cost, Low-power Industrial Grade Tiny Sensor Nodes for Mesh Networking in Hazardous Industries

Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry. Agriculture for Wi-Fi sensors and Wireless sensors in the food industry. Three styles of networks: big name community, hybrid community, and mesh network, developed and standardized Bluetooth technology Star networks use, such as beacons and scatterers are Each piconet is a primary node connects to seven slave nodes, whereas each Scatternet and more than one piconet Forms an ad-hoc network. Zigbee generation makes use of hybrid star networks, which use a couple of grasp Non-routing slave nodes Nodes with routing capabilities to connect. agricultural production and offer well-timed remarks to users. Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are broadly utilized in agricultural monitoring to improve the satisfaction and productivity of agriculture. In this software, sensors collect various styles of statistics (ie, humidity, carbon dioxide stages, and temperature) in real-time shows. Stores, plant life, hospitals, parking plenty, or even eating places use wi-fi sensor networks (WSN) to improve patron experience, save emergencies, enhance delivery chains, and greater. Wireless sensors are used in the agricultural enterprise. Farmers can screen cattle. The sensors then gather data for evaluation. Therefore, ability threats such as diseases or animal feeding schedules are diagnosed through the tool to assist farmers to maintain their cattle healthy. A wi-fi sensor network is a radio frequency (RF) microcontroller and transceiver, Sensors, and machine made from strong sources. A wireless sensor with self-recovery capabilities Networks solves problems or traditional to allow programs that cannot be solved by technologies have improved. Once available, wireless sensor build is in its early development stage Many new programs not previously considered possible This technology allows us to detect Agriculture and wireless sensors in food establishments Applications are even rarer. Agriculture and Food A wireless sensor are suitable for industry This is an overview of the technology The article intends to present. The additive ratio assessment ARAS method for complex decision problems Tries to simplify and for alternatives that can reflect the difference between by the corresponding indicator (degree of use). Selects the "best" alternative. Radio, Data rate, Nodes per master, Slave enumeration latency, Data type, Range (m), Extendability, Battery life.Feature, WiFi (IEEE 802.11b), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4). Range (m) is showing the highest value of rank whereas Slave enumeration latency is showing the lowest value. Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry for Additive Ratio Assessment method. Range (m) is showing the highest value of rank whereas Slave enumeration latency is showing the lowest value.

The virtual network which is regarded as a bridge between real-world applications and computerized systems is termed Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of Things can access the real-world application by considering the wireless sensor network and internet facility as its main technology. The Internet o Things (IoT) comprises a global network that connects sensors, electronic devices, and software. Fog computing requires managing services among the various fog nodes. Fog computing plays a major role in the reduction in latency and energy consumption. Traces of fog nodes help to identify the location awareness to the IoT destination. As the fog nodes are geographically distributed, they can support high availability and scalability factors in large amounts of data provided by various sensors in industries. The heterogeneity issues can be handled by the proposed cognitive fog of things system by supporting interoperability and flexibility in sensors connected to machinery. The proposed work comprises of reduction in energy efficiency and latency reduction in the industrial sector with the fault analysis from the data received from sensors in machinery. The proposed system consists of the newly developed cognitive fog of things with optimization techniques. This work determines the impact of data transmission in cloud computing with the fog computing layer to improve the energy efficiency, delay time, and throughput.

Blind source separation (BSS) of independent sources from their convolutive mixtures is a problem in many real-world multi-sensor applications. In this paper, we propose a new low-cost design and implementation of an improved BSS algorithm for audio signals based on ICA (Independent Component Analysis) technique. It is performed by implementing non-causal filters instead of causal filters within the feedback network of the ICA based BSS method. Thereby, it reduces the required length of the unmixing filters considerably as well as providing better results and faster convergence compared to the case with the conventional causal filters. System level approach to the design of FPGA (field programmable gate array) prototype is adopted. Although FPGA does not offer an optimized hardware implementation when compared to ASIC (application specific integrated circuit), it allows short development time and enables verification of algorithms in hardware at a low cost. The hardware testing performed with real world audio signals is found successful.

The proposed article introduces a design of low-cost and low-energy home health-care monitoring system. The developed prototype is capable of measuring the three primary diagnostic modalities: electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, and body temperature. During the bio-signals acquisition, the data are visualized on the screen in the real-time and simultaneously transmitted to the computer for the subsequent processing.

Mine safety has been a paramount concern for decades, with the risks to human life and the potential for resource loss escalating in tandem with the advancement of mining operations. Despite significant technological progress in other industries, communication systems within underground mines often remain stubbornly reliant on outdated and inadequate technologies. This reliance on antiquated systems directly contributes to safety hazards and hinders effective emergency response, impacting both worker well-being and operational efficiency. This project addresses this critical gap by developing a cost-effective, flexible, and robust wireless communication solution specifically designed to enhance underground mine worker safety. Current communication practices in many underground mines still heavily depend on wired telephone systems. These systems present numerous limitations. Their fixed infrastructure makes them vulnerable to damage from rockfalls, explosions, and other mine-related incidents, potentially severing communication lines during critical emergencies. The limited mobility afforded by wired systems also restricts communication to fixed locations, hindering real-time information exchange between mobile workers and the surface control center. This project introduces a novel approach to underground mine communication by implementing a wireless network solution that addresses the shortcomings of traditional wired systems. The proposed system utilizes [Insert Specific Technology Here, e.g., mesh networking, Wi-Fi, RFID, or a combination] to establish a robust and reliable communication network throughout the mine. This technology offers several key advantages in the challenging underground environment. Mesh networking, for instance, creates a self-healing and redundant network by allowing each node to act as a repeater, extending the network's range and ensuring continued communication even if some nodes are damaged. Wi-Fi offers high bandwidth capabilities for data transmission, enabling real- time video streaming and other data-intensive applications. RFID technology can be integrated for personnel tracking and equipment management, enhancing safety and operational efficiency. A combination of these technologies can be strategically deployed to optimize performance based on specific mine conditions and operational needs. The implementation of this wireless communication system will significantly enhance underground mine safety in several ways. Real-time communication between miners and the surface will facilitate rapid response to emergencies, enabling immediate dispatch of rescue teams and coordination of evacuation efforts. The system will also enable continuous monitoring of environmental conditions, such as gas levels, temperature, and air quality, allowing for early detection of hazardous situations and proactive implementation of safety measures. Furthermore, the improved communication infrastructure will facilitate better coordination of daily operations, leading to increased productivity and reduced downtime. This project represents a significant advancement in underground mine communication technology. By providing a cost-effective, flexible, and robust wireless solution, it addresses the critical need for improved safety and operational efficiency in the mining industry. The implementation of this system has the potential to significantly reduce the risk of accidents, save lives, and improve the overall working conditions for underground miners. The selection of the specific technology or combination of technologies will be based on a thorough analysis of the mine environment, operational requirements, and cost considerations, ensuring the optimal performance and effectiveness of the proposed communication system. Keywords —coal mine, Helmet, rf Tracker, Sensors, ThingSpeak, wifi.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offer diverse applications in the research and commercial fields, such as military applications, medical science, waste management, home automation, habitat monitoring, and environmental observation. WSNs are generally composed of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that sense, process, and communicate data. These nodes are connected by a wireless medium, allowing them to collect and share data with each other. To achieve network coverage in a WSN, a few to thousands of tiny and low-power sensor nodes should be placed in an interconnected manner. Over the last decade, deploying sensor nodes in a WSN to cover a large area has received much attention. Coverage, regarded as an NP-hard problem, is an essential parameter for WSNs that determines how the deployed sensor nodes handle each point of interest. Various algorithms have been proposed to tackle this problem. However, they often come with a trade-off between energy efficiency and coverage rate. Moreover, the scalability of the algorithms needs to be considered for large-scale networks. This paper proposes a novel energy-aware method combining Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Harmony Search (HS) algorithms to address the coverage problem in WSN, called ECAH. The proposed ECAH algorithm has been tested with various network scenarios and compared with other existing algorithms. The results show that ECAH outperforms the existing methods in terms of network lifetime, coverage rate, and energy consumption. Additionally, the proposed algorithm is also more robust and efficient as it can adjust to dynamic network environment changes, making it suitable for various network scenarios.

With the development of sensor networks and emerging of various sensors, sensor networks are capable of acquiring mass data to achieve much more complex monitoring tasks than ever. For example, image sensor nodes take photos using cameras, and images are collected and processed or stored for further processing. So, mass data processing is required for these sensor networks. However, low-power resource-constrained sensor nodes are normally equipped with kilobytes of RAM which might be not enough for storing large data for processing. In this paper, we propose an optimized virtual memory mechanism for large data processing on low-power sensor nodes. We point out the major overhead of virtual memory for large data processing on sensor nodes and introduce efficient solutions to address these issues. Evaluation shows that the overhead of the proposed virtual memory is reduced to an affordable range. We further compare the energy consumption of data processing programs using virtual memory with other means that process or transmit data. Data processing using virtual memory can be significantly more energy efficient than data processing using rich-resource sensor nodes or transmitting data to powerful gateways for central processing.

Active microwave sensors perform radar functions to detect presence of objects and measure position and speed of those objects. With the benefit of MMIC technology, advanced radar techniques may be applied to expand sensor functions without increasing the cost of the microwave front-end significantly. One example of low-cost MMIC, radar sensors is Hittite's FM-CW transceiver for a proximity fuse integrated into a 1 mm/sup 2/ chip. Hittite has also demonstrated low-cost techniques for packaging and automated functional testing. These low-cost design and manufacturing techniques are applicable to a wide variety of industrial sensors. As an example of industrial applications, a radar sensor designed for liquid level measurements is described. >

In India, Primary Health Centre (PHC) were established to provide accessible, affordable and available first line health services. There are 23,109 PHCs in India and Under the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) the Government is upgrading all the PHCs. Due to shortage of human resources, PHC system largely depends on "referral system", which in turn relies heavily on communication and transportation infrastructure. Communication and transportation put an upper limit on health care delivery to patient and some time it may cause casualties in remote areas. Development of Low cost Biomedical Sensors, Low cost Portable Embedded System, Internet and Smart phone based Telemedicine System may offer the opportunity to alleviate the health care system efficiency by number of application viz. data collection, chronic patient surveillance, to control the therapeutic procedure etc. This paper presents the work of design and implementation of low cost telemedicine system, which integrates the sensing, storage and broadcasting of various biomedical parameters of patient using low cost low weight and accurate biomedical sensors, BeagleBone Black as a computing unit and various softwares viz. Linux, Apace Server, MySQL and PHP. Implemented system is compared with various existing available biomedical sensors.

In this paper we focus on the design and implementation of low cost, cross language and cross platform Information Retrieval and Documentation tools capable for the collection, organization and administration of unstructured and semi-structured information imported from various sources. A modular Computer Assisted Information Resources Navigation (CAIRN) software architecture is proposed and the requirements of each module are presented. A discussion of the implementation is based on the experimentation with a prototype of such a software tool. The technologies that are incorporated into the modern operating systems and the opportunities that they offer for implementing the modules of the CAIRN architecture are also examined and evaluated. Some of these technologies are common / independent from the operating systems, while some others are distinctive. In this latter case we face barriers (restrictions) for a straightforward implementation of the CAIRN software systems to the whole range of desktop operating systems (e.g. Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Solaris). Some alternative technologies are presented to avoid this serious constraint. The evaluation of the implementation effort is also discussed and eventually some conclusions and future plans for further improvement of the CAIRN architecture are given.

Development of soft sensor by incorporating the delayed infrequent and irregular measurements

The resource demands of today's wireless mesh networking stacks hinder the progress of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor nodes. Optimizing wireless sensors means reducing costs, increasing lifetimes, and locating sensors close to the action. Adding mesh networking functions like IP routing and forwarding increases RAM and ROM requirements and demands substantial idle listening to forward others' traffic, all of which adds cost and increases power draw. We argue that an architectural separation between sensor and router, similar to what ZigBee and traditional IP networks advocate, would allow each node class to be better optimized to the task, matched to technology trends, and aligned with deployment patterns. Although trivial to implement on current platforms, for example by turning off router advertisements in an IPv6/6LoWPAN stack, reaping the full benefits of this approach requires evolving platform designs and revisiting the link and network layers of the stack. We examine the resulting implications on the system architecture.

The construction industry plays a vital role in the socio-economic development in any country. However, it has been recognized as one of the most hazardous industries in many counties around the world because of the nature of activities and tasks performed at construction sites. Similarly, presentday construction industry of Sri Lanka prioritizes and considers safety as a primary, complex issue due to its high impact on the industry. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to identify the causes for deaths and injuries in construction sites in Sri Lanka and identify actions to mitigate those accidents. The data collection was in the form of documentary review, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaire survey. This study found that the nine (9) most prominent types of accidents that have occurred in Sri Lankan construction sites include falling from heights and scaffoldings, falling debris or objects and machinery accidents. During the last 10-year period 2,135 accidents have been recorded in the construction industry, including both fatal and non-fatal accidents, among which 311 were fatal accidents. As per the study findings, during the period of 2010 – 2020, 14 fatal construction accidents were reported out of every 100 construction accidents. Usually, most of the accidents at construction sites are due to lack of safety at site, working without PPE, inadequate training and lack of supervision. Further, the study also recommends strategies to minimize the identified nine (9) most prominent types of accidents and to improve construction site safety. Findings of this research could help towards reducing the fatal and non-fatal construction accidents in Sri Lanka and to develop safe work environment in the local construction industry. KEYWORDS: Construction Industry, Deaths and Injuries, Construction Safety, Sri Lanka

As the mining industry undergoes a transformative revolution driven by technological innovation, this State-of-the-Art review meticulously charts the trajectory of sensor applications, unraveling their profound impact on every facet of mining operations. Through a comprehensive analysis of contemporary literature and cutting-edge research, this review serves as an indispensable guide, offering an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted applications, challenges and future prospects of sensors in mining. The review begins by elucidating the fundamental principles of sensor technology, providing a solid foundation for understanding the diverse sensor types employed in the mining domain. Moving beyond mere enumeration, it categorizes sensor applications into three pivotal domains: real-time equipment monitoring, environmental sensing and automated data analytics. Each domain is dissected to reveal the latest advancements, showcasing how sensors are transforming the mining landscape by enhancing safety, optimizing operational efficiency and promoting environmental sustainability. In the realm of real-time equipment monitoring, the review scrutinizes the integration of sensors for predictive maintenance, condition monitoring and performance optimization. Environmental sensing takes center stage as the review explores how sensors are instrumental in hazard detection, air quality monitoring and environmental impact assessment, fostering a safer and ecologically responsible mining ecosystem. This review includes the challenges inherent in sensor deployment, addressing issues of interoperability, data security and scalability. Practical considerations for navigating the dynamic and often harsh mining environment are discussed, providing a holistic perspective for industry practitioners. This review can provide strategic roadmap to harness the full potential of sensor technologies in steering mining operations towards a sustainable, efficient and technologically advanced operation.

Construction safety management is at the construction site safe working environment security to ensure to control activities a method that can be used. Planning and design taken during the process results of the construction project when the protection is largely affected. Construction and demolition sites, labor protection, and health hazard the result is unique hazards and risks causing professional safety and health management protection of systems organizations and health hazards continue to detect and remove help, incident possibilities reduce, to regulations compliance and risk-reduction implement interventions. Construction industry sites employee health and safety very dangerous to work with one of the workplace environments. Manufacturing processes, labor intensive characteristics, and occupational accidents due to the construction industry the greater the risk, the greater it is scale of financial losses, and the worst the company results from reputation. Construction in the construction industry site security is very important this is an important requirement mostly on project sites is ignored. Correct without safety regulations, hazards of the construction industry and because of the dynamic environment, staff small and large are prone to accidents. Security management systematic risk management in detection, and with it related risks can also help control, at the same time this control activities of the construction site useful in aiding protection it promises to be. Safety management process roughly the following steps outlines: planning related to the workplace at the stage identity hazards and accident or to avoid property damage ensure construction safety appropriate restrictions for making and advance the determination of the step. Accidents possible actions early detection, safe practices followed and safe conditions whether maintained monitoring of verification work. Neighbors are public and private protection of assets at all levels of the organization effective communication implementation and promotion. Safe operating modes attractive to use regularly with incentive programs safety education and training providing. Constant professionalism health and safety compliance with regulations. PROMETHEEE is a priority for assessment enrichment Ranking system and its interactive help Descriptive complementary geometric analysis known as PROMETHEEE methods. In this, The PROMETHEEE method is the best solution from the analysis The shorter the distance and the longer the negative-ideal solution Determines the solution with the distance, but of these distances, The comparison was not considered significant. Alternative is Safety Commitment by Senior Management, Competency Profiles, Safety Climate, Project Management, Safety Requirements and Incentives, Safe Working Environment/ Conditions. Evaluation preference is Government building, Private building, Civil engineering, Industrial building. From the result it is seen that Government building is got the first rank where as is the Industrial building is having the lowest rank. Government building is ranked first and industrial building is ranked lowest.