Design and experimental study of electromechanical braking unit based on DOE method

This paper presents the design and experimental study of an electromechanical braking system. Electromechanical braking is novel braking system. However, the existing systems require both amplification and motion conversion mechanisms, leading to challenges in brake force regulation. In this paper, a novel solution using linear motor is proposed. By leveraging the linear driving characteristics, the motion conversion mechanism is eliminated, leading to a simplified structure. The study employs the design of experiments (DOE) method to optimise the design parameters. The optimisation process focuses on enhancing the electromagnetic thrust, thereby improving the braking force. Subsequently, a thrust test bench and a braking test vehicle are established. The thrust test verifies that linear motor can provide sufficient thrust for braking, while the vehicle-level testing confirms that the brake unit based on linear motor can precisely and rapidly regulate the brake force, consequently shortening the braking distance and enhancing safety performance.

Metal forming by a laser source is an efficient and economical method for forming sheet metal into straight bend and doubly curved shape. It can be most useful in the automation of sheet metal forming. This paper presents an FEM model for three dimensional thermo-mechanical simulation of the laser forming. The aim of this simulation and experimental study is to identify the response related to deformation and characterize the effects of process parameters such as laser power, beam diameter, scans velocity and pulse duration, in terms of bending angle for a square sheet part. Extensive experimentation, including a design of experiments, is performed to address the above-mentioned aims. From these experiments it has been determined that laser forming using Nd:YAG laser is a flexible manufacturing process for steel sheet bending.

The laser forming process can be most useful in the automation of sheet metal forming. Threedimensional transient temperature and stress fields complicate the simulation of the process. The aim of this experimental study is to identify the response related to deformation and characterize the effects of process parameters such as laser power, beam diameter, scans velocity and pulse duration, in terms of bending angle for a square sheet part. Extensive experimentation, including a design of experiments, is performed to address the above-mentioned aims. From these experiments it has been determined that laser forming using Nd:YAG laser is a flexible manufacturing process for steel sheet bending.

Utilization of basalt scoria stone as one of the building materials that can be one of thealternatives to limestone which has been known as a cement maker and utilizes the availability ofabundant basalt, especially in Lampung which has these natural resources. This research is toanalyze the basalt stone powder and analyze the optimum content at the temperature variation ofthe most effective mixture of basalt stone powder to produce compressive strength of concrete.The research method uses experimental methods at the Bandar Lampung University laboratory.The specimens used were cylinders with a diameter of 10.16 cm and a height of 20cm totaling 63specimens using the DOE method. There are 6 types of mixtures, namely at a temperature of800˚C there are 2 mixes of 3% and 7% basalt stone powder, a temperature of 1200˚C there are 2mixes of 3% and 7% basalt stone powder, and at a temperature of 1600˚C there are 2 mixtures of3% and 7% basalt stone powder. Compressive strength testing is performed at the age of concretetesting 7, 14, and 28 days.The results of the study show that the addition of heated basalt stone powder can increase thecompressive strength of concrete. The compressive strength results in a mixture of temperaturevariations included in the planned compressive strength. The optimum compressive strength valueof 28 days of testing occurred on 3% concrete mix of basalt stone powder at a temperature of1600˚C that is equal to 392 kg / cm².Keywords: Concrete, Basalt Stone and compressive strength

Shringkage is one of the important concrete properties which, decreasingdurability of concrete and causeing concrete cracking. The shrinkage willdepend on aggregate selected. In this researd used a pute alwa aggregate whichmade from expanded clay burned in rotary kiln at high temperature (>6000C).Alwa has a rough surface shape, high absorption that allows aggregate to storewater needed for concrete hydration which can be removed from the shrinkage.This analysis uses experimental methods, and uses mortar specimens with 5x5x5cm cubes. Mixed mortar design using the DoE method and for testing in test arecompressive strength, porosity, and shrinkage of concrete. The results show that concrete mortar using alwa enough effective to reduceshrinkage with optimum addition of 18% for 20 - 30% percent did not meet thecompressive strength of the planned.

This paper describes an experimental research study designed to evaluate the feasibility of usage of the crushed clay brick and concrete block as fine aggregate raw materials producing recycled aggregate infill wall materials. To better understand the influences of various factors, an investigation was carried out with 96 specimens made by regenerated brick granule and concrete block. The regenerated brick granule content (regenerated brick granule and concrete granule proportion), water–cement ratio, aggregate–cement ratio, lime content and aggregate replacement rate were considered in an orthogonal experimental design method (DOE method) involving five factors and four factor levels. The mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate infill wall materials (RAIW) between each factor and level were evaluated by compressive strength, flexural strength and the flexural–compressive ratio. The empirical relationship among mechanical properties and factors of recycled aggregate infill wall materials was proposed by using multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that the water–cement ratio was 0.7–0.8 which is especially effective for improving the compressive strength and flexural strength of recycled aggregate infill wall materials, and the aggregate–cement ratio was the most significant factor in the flexural–compressive ratio.

Plastics have become indispensable materials in the world. They are non-biodegradable polymers of mostly containing carbon, hydrogen. Due to their non-biodegradability and low life, HDPE, LDPE, and PP contribute significantly to the problem of Municipal Waste Management. Thermal and Catalytic converting of these materials into the valuable liquids like gasoline and diesel would be a promising method of waste management. Current paper focuses on catalytic cracking of the mixed polyethylene and Polypropylene in the presence of silica alumina catalyst in a semi batch reactor operating isothermally at ambient pressure with a statistical approach. The parameters affecting degradation of polymer mixture studied in this paper include the temperature (410–450 °C), catalyst (10–50 wt%), and feed composition (1–5). The statistical Taguchi experimental design method has been used to optimize the reaction condition in degradation process in order to maximize the gasoline production. The liquid and gas products were analyzed by GC/FID to find out their composition. Using more catalyst leads the reaction to produce more aromatic components. The result of experiments discussed in this work compared with empirical data shows that the use of Taguchi as a DOE method has an appropriate approach to the optimum condition. Arrhenius law as a kinetic model at optimum reaction condition has been developed and the activation energy determined. The model gives a suitable representation of the experimental results.

The electro-mechanical brake is a new advancement in railway train braking. Ball-screws are important components of electro-mechanical braking units (EMBUs), and their wear can cause EMBUs to degrade in performance or even fail to function. In this paper, we present a framework for prediction of ball-screw wear with discrete operating conditions as inputs, taking into account the time-varying characteristics of EMBUs. The framework includes determining the contact type, analyzing relative motion, calculating contact deformations, and estimating wear. The contact type is determined based on the quasi-static approach of Hertz theory. A dynamics model using multiple coordinate systems is established to analyze how balls and raceways move in relation to each other. The contact deformations of the ball–raceway contact are determined using numerical calculation. Then, the wear depth increment is calculated using the Archard model. The results of the calculation and the endurance test indicate that the wear on the screw raceway is greater than that on the nut raceway. The effect of velocity is greater than the effect of axial force. The presented calculation framework is reasonable and can be used for predicting EMBU ball-screw wear.

Statistical experimental designs such as factorial, optimal, or definitive screening designs represent the state of the art in biopharmaceutical process characterization. However, such methods alone do not leverage the fact that processes operate as a mutual interplay of multiple steps. Instead, they aim to investigate only one process step at a time. Here, we want to develop a new experimental design method that seeks to gain information about final product quality, placing the right type of run at the right unit operation. This is done by minimizing the simulated out-of-specification rate of an integrated process model comprised of a chain of regression models that map process parameters to critical quality attributes for each unit operation. Unit operation models are connected by passing their response to the next unit operation model as a load parameter, as is done in real-world manufacturing processes. The proposed holistic DoE (hDoE) method is benchmarked against standard process characterization approaches in a set of in silico simulation studies where data are generated by different ground truth processes to illustrate the validity over a range of scenarios. Results show that the hDoE approach leads to a >50% decrease in experiments, even for simple cases, and, at the same time, achieves the main goal of process development, validation, and manufacturing to consistently deliver product quality.

BackgroundThe ability to regulate anger is often impaired in forensic psychiatric patients, frequently resulting in aggressive behavior. Although some treatment programs are partially successful in enhancing aggression regulation and reducing recidivism among specific subgroups, generalizable conclusions on the effectiveness of these interventions cannot be drawn to date. In forensic outpatient care, low treatment adherence and a predominant focus on cognitive control in most treatment programs may entail some of the factors impeding treatment. Technology-based interventions may address some of these treatment challenges.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore whether a new technology-based biocueing intervention, the Sense-IT app, can be a valuable addition to aggression regulation treatment programs in forensic outpatient care. The Sense-IT app, which provides the user with real-time physiological feedback and behavioral support, is developed to strengthen emotional awareness and facilitate real-life practice. In this study, we aim to develop and evaluate an updated version of the Sense-IT app that is suitable for forensic outpatients with aggressive behavior.MethodsFirst, we conducted a design study to assess the attitudes of forensic professionals and patients toward biocueing and to collect requirements for a biocueing app for this specific population. On the basis of this information, we developed an updated version of the Sense-IT app. In an evaluation study, 10 forensic outpatients used the app for 2 weeks. The app’s acceptability, usability, and clinical outcomes (aggression, anger, and recognition of bodily signals related to anger) were measured before and after the intervention using both quantitative and qualitative measures.ResultsThe design study revealed a cautiously positive attitude toward the use of biocueing as an addition to aggression regulation therapy. The evaluation study among forensic outpatients demonstrated moderate acceptability and adequate usability for the new version of the Sense-IT app. Exploratory analysis revealed a significant decrease in trait aggression postintervention; no significant changes were found in other anger-related clinical outcomes. To further increase acceptability and usability, a stable functioning app with self-adjustable settings, the use of smartwatches with a longer battery life, and the use of the patient’s own smartphone devices were recommended.ConclusionsThis study, which is one of the first attempts to enroll and evaluate the real-life use of a biocueing intervention among forensic outpatients, emphasized the importance of involving both patients and therapists throughout the development and implementation process. In the future, experimental studies, including single-case experimental designs using ecological momentary assessment, should be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sense-IT intervention on clinical outcomes. An open attitude toward new technology, allowing exploration of the potential benefits of the Sense-IT app case-by-case, and training of therapists in using the app are expected to facilitate its integration in therapy.

To meet the requirement of the braking response of the coal mine hoist, a new electromechanical braking technology for mine hoists is proposed, the principle of electromechanical braking of mine hoists is demonstrated, and the detailed parameters and braking performance of electromechanical brakes are given. Index, an electromechanical brake test platform with large load and high response is developed. Experiments show that the maximum positive pressure of the designed electromechanical brake reaches 33 KN, which meets the requirement of positive pressure of mine hoist. The braking error is less than 10 %, and the braking gap elimination time is less than 0.1 s. There is a linear relationship between motor current input and brake positive pressure output, with a slope of 4.17 and an intercept of 0.62. The screw displacement output and the brake pressure output have a cubic relationship, and the zero error is small. Through research, a new idea is provided for the development of electromechanical brakes for coal mine hoist.

Editorial: Introduction to Special Section on Evidence-Based Practices for Persons With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Authors

Studies that are designed to meet goldstandard criteria or are scientifically valid are more likely to get funded (Albro, 2008). They also can be used as evidence for preferred practice, which is required by the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). In addition, experimental or gold-standard research is the most powerful tool that researchers have for establishing cause-and-effect relationships (Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2007). The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders (2008, n.p.) defines research that meets the standards for evidence-based practice as follows: * randomized or quasi-experimental design studies. Two high quality experimental or quasi-experimental group design studies, * single-subject design studies. Three different investigators or research groups must have conducted five high quality single subject design studies, or * combination of evidence. One high quality randomized or quasi-experimental group design study and three high quality single subject design studies conducted by at least three different investigators or research groups (across the group and single subject design studies). PLANNING FOR POWER Power is the complement to beta (power = 1-beta) and is related to the ability to avoid a Type II error. In other words, power analysis is conducted to avoid determining that an intervention being studied was not successful when, in fact, it was successful, but the study was just not sensitive enough to detect the success. Greater power reduces the chances of mistakenly deciding that the intervention was unsuccessful. Power analysis, in its most basic form, is a calculation of the different design characteristics of a study to determine if certain aspects of the study are robust enough to detect a significant difference between groups if a significant difference exists. These characteristics include effect size, the difference between the means of the groups being compared relative to the variability within those groups; alpha, the level of risk that statistically significant differences are found when they do not actually exist; and the number of participants in the study, which affects how accurately the sample represents the population as a whole (Lipsey, 1990). Power can be calculated using a formula, but is easily determined by reviewing power tables that are found in statistical reference books or software online. By considering and calculating power and including design features that increase power when planning a study, the chance of failing to find significant differences between the groups when significant differences exist, simply because the research design is not stringent enough, is diminished. Calculating power, which can be used when planning studies, can also be applied post hoc to studies that have already been completed (Cohen, 1988). By looking at the number of participants and the effect size and then referring to a power table, one finds that most studies are underpowered. In a review of 85 articles published in a top educational research journal, Brewer (1972, cited in Lipsey, 1990) found that the average power for a medium effect size in educational research was .47 when the desired power should be in the range of .80 or higher. Knowing that most studies are severely underpowered, it is safe to say that many studies may find that successful interventions are unsuccessful. Ferrell, Mason, Young, and Cooney's (2006) meta-analysis of research on braille, which reviewed 652 studies and included only the 20 studies that met the criteria for analysis, created a framework for looking at the power of studies in the area of braille, since it provided the number of participants and the effect size for each study. Table 1 presents examples of the power for at least one variable of each of 14 studies that were analyzed as part of the meta-analysis for which power was calculable. The power range of these examples is greater than . …

This study researches the integrated indicating systems for evaluation the military aircrafts’ operation and for warning the crew about identified problems and threats. Such systems are important for ensuring the effective performance of tactical tasks and safety. According to the “World Air Forces 2023”, there are almost 100 fighter jets in the modern combat aviation fleet of Ukraine, and the share of the fourth-generation multipurpose fighter MiG-29 is 44 %. In order to carry out automated flight and ground control of the technical state and to enregistrer the failures of the onboard radio-electronic equipment of the MiG-29 aircraft, it is proposed to use Ekran-13M. The latest is the built-in control and warning system for the crew. However, this system has a electromechanical display unit 2E-01, which needs to be replaced with an electronic one (2E-01M) completed with a removable flight information storage device. It causes the task of conducting experimental studies on the possibility of its use. The purpose of this study is to prove the effectiveness of the 2E-01M electronic display unit as part of the built- in control and Ekran-13M warning system on MiG-29 aircraft. This study is based on experimental research. Control tests of the 2E-01M electronic display’s effectiveness prove the providing of: 1) built-in control system; 2) functional compatibility between Ekran-13M system and 2E-01M electronic display; 3) the compliance of inputting and keeping the vital information, the displaying on the indicator system and the registration of all input text messages in accordance with flight modes and requirements of the technical documentation of Ekran-13M system; 4) stable functioning of the 2E-01M flash-cartridge and processing of the registered flight information by “Prosmotr”; 5) the compliance of the warning signals about the board systems with the Ekran-13M system’s functioning algorithms. It is stated no impact on the main tactical and technical indicators of the MiG-29 and we prove no need to define additional operational restrictions along with the existing ones. Thus, it has been experimentally confirmed the possibility and safety use of the 2E-01M display unit on MiG-29 aircraft.