Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna Using Double Slot Patch At 28 GHz Frequency for 5G Technology

In recent years, microstrip antennas have become a popular research subject with the increasing use of mobile technologies. With the development of neural networks, the design and analysis of microstrip antennas are carried out quickly with high accuracy. However, optimizing the weight matrices and bias vectors of deep neural learning models is an important challenge for engineering problems. This study presents a deep neural network-based (DNN-based) neural model to estimate the gain and scattering parameter (S11) of C-shaped compact microstrip antennas (CCMAs). For this purpose, the S11 and gain values of 324 CCMAs with different physical and electrical properties were obtained using full-wave electromagnetic simulation software based on the finite integration technique (FIT). The data related to 324 CCMAs were used for the training and testing process. The improved manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm based on the Lévy-flight (LF) mechanism was used to optimize the connection weights matrices and bias vectors. The MRFO-optimized model has estimation success for training and testing data as 0.925 and 0.922, in terms of R2 score, respectively. The estimated resonant frequencies using the trained model are compared with the studies in the literature, and an average percentage error (APE) of 0.933% is obtained.

—In order to keep up with the evolving technology, there's a growing need for communication antennas with higher bandwidth. One major solution for this demand is 5G technology. To address this, we've developed a 3.45GHz antenna. The antenna is constructed using FR4 material, a double-sided copper-coated PCB with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a substrate height of 1.6mm. Our initial design involved simulating the antenna in Advanced Design System (ADS) and generating graphs for gain, directivity, frequency plot, radiation pattern, Electric field plane, and Magnetic field. Additionally, we utilized ADS software to create the equivalent circuit diagram and conducted simulations to calculate the S-parameters.

PurposeApplication of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) i.e. electromagnetic band gap technique and its use in the design of microstrip antenna and MIC i.e. microwave integrated circuits is becoming more attractive. This paper aims to propose a new type of EBG fractal square patch microstrip multi band fractal antenna structures that are designed and developed. Their performance parameters with and without EBG structures are investigated and minutely compared with respect to the resonance frequency, return loss, a gain of the antenna and voltage standing wave ratio.Design/methodology/approachThe fractal antenna geometries are designed from the fundamental square patch and then EBG structures are introduced. The antenna geometry is optimized using IE3D simulation tool and fabricated on low cost glass epoxy FR4, with 1.6 mm height and dielectric materials constant of 4.4. The prototype is examined by means of the vector network analyzer and antenna patterns are tested on the anechoic chamber.FindingsCombining the square fractal patch antenna with an application of EBG techniques, the gain of microstrip antenna has been risen up and attained good return loss as compared to the antennas without EBG structures. The designs exhibit multi-frequency band characteristics extending in between 1.70 and 7.40 GHz. Also, a decrease in antenna size of 34.84 and 59.02 per cent for the first and second iteration, respectively, is achieved for the antenna second and third without EBG. The experimental results agree with that of simulated values. The presented microstrip antenna finds uses in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, Wi-Fi and C band. This antenna can also be used for satellite and radio detection and range devices for communication purposes.Originality/valueA new type of EBG fractal square patch microstrip antenna structures are designed, developed and compared with and without EBG. Because of the application of EBG techniques, the gain of microstrip antenna has been risen up and attained good return loss as compared to the antennas without EBG structures. The designs exhibit multi-frequency band characteristics extending in between 1.70 and 7.40 GHz, which are useful for Wi-Fi, ISM and C band wireless communication.

An Antenna is a device made of conducting material which transmits and receives electromagnetic signals. Antennas are widely used as device for transmission of signals. Microstrip antennas are gaining more importance due to their small and compact size, and wide band which yields in the reduction of material and applications are in cell phones, aircraft and satellite communications. In this paper a microstrip antenna with rectangular patch configuration is modeled with metal mounted over a large metal ground plane Its reduced size results in narrow bandwidth and the patch dimension parameter optimized. The optimization methods include cavity model, CST, and TL. In this paper, to reduce the percentage of error and to increase the efficiency of design, a model based on artificial neural network (ANN) is simulated and compared the results.

A microstrip antenna with multiple frequency bands is very popular and useful because of its many applications. This research intends to design for triple band and performance analysis of a microstrip antenna by introducing a slotted patch. Efforts are made to maximize the antenna's performance by experimenting with the distance between shorting and feeding pin, slot sizes, and positions, dimensions of the ground plane, and substrate materials. A software named CST is used to produce the results, and the research closes by demonstrating that the slotting patch improves antenna performance. Various patch sizes and substrate materials are initially explored to achieve ideal antenna characteristics. After that, single, double, and more slots designs are included in the patch to improve the antenna performance and also for creating multiband. The developed antenna operates at 9.03 GHz, 10.12 GHz, and 14.3 GHz, and the designed antenna's return losses are -20.33 dB, -33.01 dB, and -13.68 dB respectively. The antenna covers various applications of the X and Ku bands.

PACS numbers: 41.20.Jb, 84.40.Ba Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propagate the methodology earlier developed by the authors for calculating microstrip antennas for the case of a two-layer antenna array of rectangular radiators, to study its electrodynamics characteristics with expanding its bandwidth. Design/methodology/approach: The research method is based on application of the spectral method in approximation of the given surface current density distribution on the array radiators, when the current density distribution is given by some function wich fairly well discribes the true current distribution and is convenient for further analysis. The essence of the spectral method lies in representation of the Green’s function, the radiation field, and the current density as expansions in the Fourier integral. Such a representation is convenient in analyzing the radiation characteristics of antennas. The investigations were carried out with taking into account the presence of surface waves in the dielectric layers, the mutual influence of the radiators and matching them with the power lines. Findings: Using the developed technique a two-layer microstrip antenna with a grating of four rectangular radiators located on each layer is studied. An algorithm for calculating its characteristics is constructed and its such characteristics as the directivity pattern and the gain factor are investigated. A constructive synthesis of its elements is made that resulted in determination of the dimensions of the radiators of the grating at which they are matching with the power lines. The influence of the layer thickness between the gratings on antenna characteristics is considered. It is shown that using the two-layer structures gives the opportunity to expand the antenna bandwidth, which is of great practical importance. Conclusions: The research methodology makes it possible to investigate the electrodynamics characteristics and to make a constructive synthesis of two-layer microstrip antenna arrays from rectangular radiators having some specified improved parameters, in particular, an extended bandwidth. Key words: radiation, two-layer microstrip antenna, spectral method, surface current density, bandwidth Manuscript submitted 03.07.2018 Radio phys. radio astron. 2018, 23(3): 203-211 REFERENCES 1. POZAR, D. M., 1982. Input impedance and mutual coupling of rectangular microstrip antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag . vol. 30, is. 6, pp. 1191–1196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1982.1142934 2. POZAR, D. M., 1983. Considerations for millimeter wave printed antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag . vol. 31, is. 5, pp. 740–747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1983.1143124 3. POZAR, D. M., 1986. Finite phased arrays of rectangular microstrip patches. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag . vol. 34, is. 5, pp. 658–665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1986.1143868 4. LEVINE, E., MALAMUD, G., SHTRIKMAN, S. and TREVES, D., 1989. A study of microstrip array antennas with the feed network. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag . vol. AP-37, is. 4, pp. 426–434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/8.24162 5. PROSVIRNIN, S. L. and NECHAEV, YU. B., 1992. Designing of microstrip antennas by using approximation of fixed surface current distribution . Voronezh, Russia: Voronezh State University Publ. (in Russian). 6. PROSVIRNIN, S. L., REZNIK, I. I. and SELEZNEV, D. G., 1998. Matching with feed lines and taking into account interaction in microstrip antenna arrays. J. Commun. Technol. Electron . vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1376–1379. 7. SELEZNYOV, D. G., REZNIK , I. I. and SELEZNYOV, A. D., 2003. Microstrip Antenna Arrays Composed of Rectangular Radiators. Radio Phys. Radio Astron . vol. 8, is. 1, pp. 52–58 (in Russian). 8. SELEZNYOV, D. G., REZNIK, I. I. and SELEZNYOV, A. D., 2005. Microstrip Antenna Arrays with Dielectric Covering. Radio Phys. Radio Astron . vol. 10, is. 1, pp. 85–91 (in Russian). 9. CROQ, F. and POZAR, D. M., 1991. Millimeter-wave design of wide-band aperture-coupled stacked microstrip antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag . vol. 39, is. 12, pp. 1770–1776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/8.121599 10. OBUKHOVETS, V. A., KASYANOV, A. O. and ZAGOROVSKY, V. I., 2002. Electromagnetic analysis of multilayered microstrip reflector antenna arrays. Antenny . vol. 4(59), pp. 4–11 (in Russian). 11. YOU, C., TENTZERIS, M. M. and HWANG, W., 2007. Multilayer effects on microstrip antennas for their integration with mechanical structures. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag . vol. 55, is. 4, pp. 1051–1058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2007.893401 12. NAGENDRA PACHAURI, APARNA GUPTA and SONI CHANGLANI, 2015. Analysis of multilayer stacked microstrip patch antenna for bandwidth enhancement. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol . vol. 4, is. 9, pp. 8321–8334. DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.04090044

Composite metamaterial antenna with super mechanical and electromagnetic performances integrated by three-dimensional weaving technique

This paper discusses concerning design of circular patch microstrip antenna for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags application in microwave band. Circular microstrip antenna is designed with an egg slot on the ground plane and feed line to get ultra wideband. The design of microstrip antenna using Phenolic White Paper-FR2 with dielectric constant (or) =4.5. Based on simulation results, the antenna shows it works at frequency 2128-4807 MHz with gain of-17,398 dBi. The rectangular stub, caused the decreasing of bandwidth but the gain increase. By adding a rectangular stub on the ground plane, antenna works at frequency 1166 3475 MHz with increasing gain of-2,733 dBi.

This paper proposes new design of square microstrip antenna with dual feed line for improving bandwidth and axial ratio at work frequency of 2400 MHz. To obtained circular polarization with axial ratio ≤ 3 dB and enhanced bandwidth of antenna, dual feed line is used to improve performance of conventional microstrip antenna. After the simulation process, dual feed line succeed to improved bandwidth of microstrip antenna 131.9 % compared with microstrip antenna with single feed and provide circular polarization with axial ratio 2.44 dB at working frequency of 2400 MHz. compared to the microstrip antenna with a single feed. This research is very usefull for Wi-Fi application in order to improve the level quality of receiver signal.

<span>The continuous development of internet of things (IoT) technology enables many devices to be interconnected through the external environment. Meanwhile, 5G technology provides an enhanced quality of services with high data transmission rates, requiring IoT implementation in the 5G architecture. Free-space optical communication (FSO) is considered a promising technique that can provide high-speed communication links, so FSO is an optimal choice for wireless networks to fulfill the full potential of 5G technology, providing speeds of 100 Gb/s or more. By implementing 5G features in IoT, IoT coverage and performance will be enhanced by using FSO models. Therefore, the paper proposed and investigated the multiple-input and multiple-output/free-space optical communication (MIMO/FSO) model using subcarrier quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) and relay stations over atmospheric turbulence channels by log-normal and gamma-gamma distribution under different turbulence conditions. The performance is examined based on the average channel capacity (ACC), which is expressed in terms of average spectral efficiency (ASE) parameters while changing the different parameters of the model. The mathematical formulas of ACC for atmospheric turbulence cases are calculated and discussed the influence of turbulence strength, the different number of relay stations, misalignment effects, and different MIMO configurations.</span>

The estimated economic impact of 5G Technology in production industry is immense. Until 2030, worldwide production industry gross domestic product is expected to by up to $740 billion [4]. Providing low latencies, high data transmission rates and the possibility of operating many devices simultaneously in narrowly restricted radio cells, 5G is expected to meet the demands of networked production systems and has great potential to accelerate the ongoing digital transformation. Despite these prospected advantages, benefits of integrating 5G Technology in a production process can barely be quantified yet. 40 % of enterprises cite poor measurability of economic benefits of 5G for their specific processes as key concern [6]. Thus, improvement potential for production processes and their monetary benefit need to be quantified in order to provide decision-makers with a sound base for their investment decisions. This paper describes the requirements and a first approach of a model to quantify economic potential of 5G Technology in production. Therefore, existing approaches and models to quantify economic benefits of 5G Technology and of digitalization in production in general are analyzed. Then, the model is derived. In the end, future research needs are given.

The objective of this paper is to study the latest mobile technologies such as HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) or 3.5G, and an approach to its successor LTE (Long Term Evolution) or 4G using network simulator called NS-2. First 2G technology came into existence which enabled mobile users with the technologies such as GSM, TDMA and CDMA. It also provided SMS services. After 2G many advanced versions were evolved like 2.5G with the enhancement such as high data transmission rate (56Kbps) and also enabled services like WAP, MMS, sending IPv4 services and GPRS technology. Then it leads to the evolution of 2.75G with the data transfer rate up to 236.8Kbps and it uses EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) technology for data transmission. As the generations were evolving with new advancements the key factor which is mostly enhanced is data transmission rate, thus in the year 2002, 3G evolved which is based on technology named UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) that provides 14 MB/s of data transmission rate. It enables internet, mobile TV and video calling services. Further improvement in communication between the user and network using HSDPA technology took 3.5G into existence. Based on simulation of HSDPA, the main objective is to simulate an improved downlink diversity increasing in frequency.

The necessity for mobile communication devices is increased rapidly. Users expect to get very fast information access and data access without delay. The fifth-generation (5G) development in wireless mobile telecommunication technology promises capacity enhancement, ease connectivity, high efficiency, and high data rate transmission. The appropriate device should support this improvement of the technology. The antenna is one of the main devices to support the high data rate transmission. This paper proposed designing a dual-band rectangular patch antenna in 29 GHz and 38 GHz that supports 5G technology. This microstrip antenna is composed of 4 patch array elements to obtain higher gain. The material used for this microstrip antenna is RT Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.575 mm. Both measurement and simulation are confirmed that the 2×2 array microstrip antenna in 29 GHz and 38 GHz frequency have a return loss value of -12.5 dB and -16 dB, respectively. The bandwidth for both frequencies has a value of 4.5 GHz and 3.75 GHz.

This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.

Recent advances in embedded systems, wireless communication, and IoT technologies have driven the development of Wearable Health Devices (WHDs), enabling continuous monitoring of biosignals with low power consumption and high data transmission rates. Among various wireless communication protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) stands out due to its energy efficiency and high transmission rate, making it the preferred choice for developing compact and high-performance wearables. However, achieving precise time synchronization across multiple BLE-enabled devices remains a challenge, particularly in distributed systems where sensor nodes operate independently. In this work, we present the WeSync(BLE) our reference synchronization architecture developed for multiple wearable BLE-based biomedical devices intended to streamline the use of numerous wearable devices and synchronize the data acquired across them. A proof-of-concept of this reference synchronization architecture was made using proprietary BLE wearables (used for acquiring motion data). This demonstrated effective synchronization with minimal implementation and latency, achieving an absolute mean and standard deviation of 9.2 ± 6.7 milliseconds, at 1 hour of testing. This work paves the way for a more robust real-time wearable systems synchronization, advancing the analysis and study of biosignals.