Desarrollismo y contradicciones territoriales en el contexto de una crisis hídrica y ambiental en las Sierras Chicas de Córdoba, Argentina

The multifunctionality of ecosystem services (ES) represents multiple benefits that support ES supply and demand. Watershed planning entails the adequate distribution of land use provided by subsystems such as the drainage network (water and biota), riparian forests, and productive systems. However, the multiple ES provided for watersheds is still a critical issue in water system management instruments, such as territorial planning. This study proposes a method for applying the concept of ES multifunctionality in environmental zoning at the watershed scale, integrating information on the supply and demand of ES and its relationship with biodiversity and ecosystem processes. The suitability model included areas of multiple ES supply identified from an ES multifunctionality index (MESLI), the evaluation of trade-offs and synergies between ES through spatial analysis, ecosystem processes associated with distribution patterns of fauna species with some degree of threat and roles in ecosystem processes related to pollination, seed dispersal, and litter fragmentation in streams, using MaxEnt to recognize zones related to habitat conservation and priority areas for conservation. The proposed method integrates different spatial information inputs and supports territorial zoning based on ecological and biological components. Zones with potential ES multifunctionality highlight synergies between services, thereby improving the categorization of land use in the watershed. Models of species distribution and land use help in the spatial analysis of ES by highlighting the ecological functions of key species. The suitability model obtained presents a base scenario for the environmental management of watersheds and is an input for the formulation and negotiation of land use and conservation areas among the stakeholders in the watershed.

Territorial action in Morocco has been characterized since the colonial period by conflicts between spatial, institutional, and territorial logics. During the colonial period, there was a predominant intention to control the national territory and modernize the country. Shortly after gaining independence, Morocco gradually engaged in a top-down territorial planning policy, with the main objective of improving the living conditions of its citizens. Today, things have changed; the centralizing development approach has become obsolete in the face of two key dimensions: territorial diversity and the presence of various territorial actors, including humans. This is where strategic territorial management comes into play. Therefore, the aim of this article is to study the transition from territorial planning to strategic territorial management in the municipality of Settat through participative governance. A qualitative method was adopted for this purpose. Documentary analysis and questionnaires were essential tools for data collection. The results indicate that strategic territorial management at the municipal level faces several challenges, primarily related to the inefficiency of development policies. This inefficiency is mainly attributed to a lack of citizen participation in the territorial decision-making process.

<p> With the rapid urbanization, the most challenges have been faced with the accelerated degradation of habitat quality and increasing ecological risks for urban natural ecosystems. It is important to explore an integrated approach for territorial spatial planning towards to sustainable urban ecosystem management for directing programs of natural ecosystems conservation and restoration toward preserving the most valuable natural resources. In the study, Yantai city in Shangdong province in China was as an example. The goal, method and spatial boundary of territorial spatial planning towards to sustainable urban ecosystem management were clarified. A technical framework of urban territorial spatial planning and an integrated approach to determine key areas of ecosystem preservation and restoration were proposed. The results showed that the application of urban territorial spatial planning in Yantai was feasible and effective and provided new ideas and methods for the territorial spatial planning. The ecological network pattern by the “two horizontal and two vertical” spatial pattern was proposed. Key areas of ecosystems conservation and restoration were identified, including 13 ecological pinch points, 8 ecological barrier points, 39 ecological break points, and 1308.66 km<sup>2</sup> fragmented ecological land. Natural solutions and measures for key areas of ecosystems conservation and restoration were proposed. It would help to provide scientific guidance for urban spatial planning toward to sustainable ecosystem management.</p>

Rural areas located in the South of Buenos Aires province represent a clear example of an extra marginal Pampean area with evidence of environmental degradation. The area is located in the Argentinean Temperate Arid Diagonal and presents a semi-arid to arid climate with high variability, mostly regarding precipitation regimes. Throughout the twentieth century and up to the present, these lands were incorporated into the new logics of globalized agricultural production leading to the deforestation of the native forest and the development of unsustainable agriculture with methods and techniques which are highly aggressive towards the environment. In addition to these practices, the absence of public policies aiming at territorial planning even enforced the environmental degradation of the area. Degradation in these areas involves three aspects of the same reality: Firstly, the natural aspect, which refers to changes in soil characteristics causing desertification and loss of biodiversity. Then, the economical aspect with an increasing indebtedness of the farmers and consequently rural impoverishment. Finally, the social aspect that manifests itself in the degradation associated with land abandonment, rural exodus and the loss of cultural values and traditions. The goal of this article is to develop a concept, based upon three models, constituting the framework for a stepwise development towards sustainability and resilience: (1) a conceptual model explaining different land management processes in which shaped these rural areas, (2) a process model covering the relationship between (land use/management) processes and environmental degradation and (3) a future model, proposing alternatives for rural land management, related to the concept of rural resilience.

Urban design is key to healthy environments for all

The environment is being affected by the great development of human activities, which is why, in recent years, the need to protect the environment has increased, through the carrying out of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Within this assessment, environmental geology constitutes an instrument for territorial and urban planning based on the analysis of conservation and the integral analysis of risks, obtaining cartography that can be useful in territorial and regional planning strategies. The methodology carried out in this article consists of applying a multi-criteria analysis in territorial planning, combining vector and raster data. This novel, low-cost, and effective methodology assesses conservation areas and risks, using map algebra and network analysis to identify priority areas and facilitate decision-making in a precise and quantitative manner. This analysis has been carried out in the Arribes del Duero Natural Park, which stands out as a place where numerous environmental values coexist, i.e., geological, geomorphological, and edaphological, forming unique landscapes. With regard to the results obtained, the cartography of conservation quality classifies the territory into four categories according to its degree of conservation: very high, high, low, and very low quality. The integral risk cartography identifies the areas with the greatest geological risks, such as erosion and landslides, and establishes limitations for land use. Also, by integrating both cartographies, it is determined which activities are compatible with each zone, considering both conservation and risks. Finally, it can be concluded that the cartographies obtained are useful for efficient land management, protecting the environment, and allowing human development in a controlled manner.

The article aims to thoroughly investigate and analyse the possibilities of using laser scanning data in spatial planning. The main goal is to identify the potential of this technology to improve the efficiency and accuracy of planning processes, particularly in the urban environment. The LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data integration into territorial planning is fundamental to modern urban management frameworks. Using the precise and comprehensive geospatial data obtained through LiDAR scanning provides a reliable basis for conducting in-depth analysis and strategic decision-making in territorial development initiatives. LiDAR technology offers unparalleled accuracy and detail, enabling urban planners to effectively map and visualise various aspects of urban environments, including topography, land use patterns, infrastructure, and natural features. With this extensive information, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into existing spatial dynamics, identify potential areas for development or conservation, and assess the impact of proposed projects on the surrounding landscape. Moreover, integrating LiDAR data facilitates the optimisation of urban resource management processes. City authorities can streamline land use planning, infrastructure development, and environmental management efforts by accurately delineating land plots and infrastructure networks. In turn, it promotes more efficient allocation of resources, minimises operational costs, and enhances overall urban sustainability. Furthermore, LiDAR technology is crucial in enhancing urban resilience and adaptability. Generating high-resolution elevation models and floodplain maps allows urban planners to identify areas prone to natural hazards such as floods, landslides, or coastal erosion. With this knowledge, city planners can implement proactive measures to mitigate risks, improve disaster preparedness, and safeguard community well-being. In contemporary urban challenges, such as climate change and rapid urbanisation, LiDAR technology is becoming increasingly indispensable. By embracing LiDAR technology, urban planners can develop more resilient and sustainable cities better equipped to withstand and adapt to evolving environmental, social, and economic pressures. In essence, the effective utilisation of LiDAR data in territorial planning enhances spatial planning accuracy and fosters innovation, resilience, and sustainability within urban environments. By harnessing the power of LiDAR technology, cities can pave the way toward a more prosperous, equitable, and resilient future for generations to come. Keywords: data, laser scanning, territorial planning, potential, accuracy, efficiency, analysis, prospects.

The text discusses the state-of-the-art of GIS Technologies in planning and management processes of urban and architectural spaces. It presents latest’s evolution in GIS methodology and applications, discussing how these resources have changed our way of representing and projecting territory. It discusses contemporaneous values, in interventions into urban spaces. The paper also presents legislation’s role in data registers and infrastructure, favoring wide employment of geoprocessing. It announces the arrival of new territorial representation logics, among which is azimuth visualization, considering mental maps, the employment of BIM (Building Information Modeling) and the process of parameterization. It points out tendencies and values, such as being inter- operational, creating interpretative portraits for reality, producing simulated scenarios, investing in visualizing and involvement with communities, and fully employing geo-technologies, as aids for decision making. It defends that we are living a new paradigm on territorial planning: the Parametric Modeling of Territorial Occupation.

Introduction: Landscape changes can be monitored using geotechnologies through land use and land cover management over time, which helps identify and understand transformations in the landscape and supports decision-making processes. This study aims to analyze land use and cover change in the Portal do Sertão Identity Territory, Bahia, and to relate the possible causes that have currently induced such changes. This territory, located in the Caatinga biome, has its economic activities mainly concentrated in the primary and tertiary sectors. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were employed to monitor changes in land use and cover in this territory from 1985 to 2022, using images from the MapBiomas Collection 8.0. During the study period, there was a reduction in the area used for agriculture and livestock and a significant increase in urbanization, with an urban area growth of more than 380%. Additionally, water bodies also expanded, mainly due to the construction of the Pedra do Cavalo Hydroelectric Plant in 1985, which resulted in a larger flooded area. Forest formations, although fluctuating over the years, were negatively impacted by agricultural expansion and urbanization. Therefore, the use of geotechnologies such as RS and GIS proves to be an effective tool for environmental monitoring, enabling the identification and management of land use changes and contributing to the mitigation of environmental impacts. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate land use and land cover changes in the Portal do Sertão Identity Territory, in order to identify the possible causes currently driving these transformations. . Theoretical Framework: Remote Sensing (RS) is a science that maps Earth’s surface targets using sensors without direct contact. It is an essential tool for understanding and monitoring land use and land cover changes, providing critical information for decision-making from multiple perspectives. Its integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhances the spatiotemporal analysis of processes such as environmental and territorial degradation. The concept of "Identity Territory," developed by SEPLAN-BA, considers sociocultural, economic, and geographic factors for territorial organization. Institutionalized by state decrees, it divides Bahia into 27 territories to promote regional public policies. The articulation of RS, GIS, and the Identity Territory framework offers an effective approach to understanding and managing land use changes in the Portal do Sertão. Method: This study analyzed land use and land cover changes in the Portal do Sertão Identity Territory, composed of 27 municipalities in Bahia, aiming to understand the possible driving forces behind these changes. Satellite images from the MapBiomas Brazil Collection 8.0 were used for the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022. A GIS environment was used to reclassify the images into four classes based on the MapBiomas classification: Forest Formation, Agriculture, Urban Area, and Water Bodies. The total area per class was quantified for each year, and land use transition maps were generated for spatial analysis. Results and Discussion: The analysis revealed that between 1985 and 2022, the Portal do Sertão Identity Territory experienced significant transformations in land use and cover. There was a notable reduction in agricultural and livestock areas and a sharp increase in urban development, particularly in Feira de Santana and neighboring municipalities, driven by industrialization, public policies, and real estate expansion. Forest cover fluctuated, while water bodies increased following the construction of the Pedra do Cavalo Hydroelectric Plant in 1985. These changes reflect processes of urbanization, rural exodus, and territorial reconfiguration influenced by economic, social, and infrastructural factors. Research Implications: This research provides essential technical and spatial support for territorial planning in the region, assisting local governments and institutions in making more informed decisions based on historical land use patterns. The findings highlight the importance of integrated public policies focused on territorial planning, environmental preservation, and housing, especially in light of rapid population growth. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the drivers of land use change using open-access data from MapBiomas. Its significance lies in the integration of Remote Sensing and GIS to investigate land use trends in the Portal do Sertão over the past decades, providing strategic insights to support public policy development and more effective territorial planning.

Dryland Salinity and Human Health Outcomes

Co-development of knowledge is a useful tool for addressing the management of complex social-ecological systems like the ribeirinhos (riverine communities) of Brazil. Incorporating local knowledge and environmental perception of ribeirinhos into assessments of river degradation can lead to management outcomes that better support human and ecosystem health. In the state of Piauí, Brazil, riverine people depend on the Igaraçu River for various subsistence needs. However, river pollution has increased. The objective of this study was to comprehend the perceptions of ribeirinhos regarding the environmental degradation of the Igaraçu River in Piauí and how they believed it affected their life and ecosystem. We conducted interviews with 79 informants to gather insights on environmental degradation, its causes, and consequences. The results were analyzed using a Loyalty Level (LL) metric. The majority of respondents (67.86%, n=38) perceived that degradation was indeed taking place. They attributed the primary causes of degradation to discarded garbage (LL= 74.41) and the discharge of polluted water (LL= 11.60). Informants reported that local fauna and flora (LL= 35.70) were being impacted by water contamination. However, despite their reliance on the river for sustenance, including food, water, and the harvesting of forest products, they did not perceive any significant harm to their livelihoods. This study demonstrates that individuals who have a direct dependency on local natural resources can offer firsthand data regarding environmental changes. However, additional efforts are required to assist local communities (those who directly utilize the local environment) in developing a deeper understanding of how environmental degradation impacts both the present and future of their communities, as well as their connection to the local ecosystem.

In accordance with the global biodiversity creation of food waste and food processor's focus on improving food waste management strategies for the entire food supply chain (FSC), it is an essential need of time to conduct a comprehensive study. Consistent growth in urbanization, the transformation of lifestyles into modernization, and industrial re-evaluation will increase the use of natural resources. The current linear economic system, based on metal mining, used in manufacturing, consumes and ends up disposing of the product, which has caused environmental issues for the world, particularly developing nations such as Pakistan, as well as the loss of biodiversity, air soil water, and pollution, to endanger life on the Earth support system and to reinforce and maintain the soil in terms of land filling. Undoubtedly, this lack of resources is a major barrier to sustainable development and to addressing the growing needs of the community as well as increasing poverty. Developing countries such as Pakistan, which is part of a less developed world, where 29% of the population live below the poverty line, which can be translated into 55 million people. Community expectations have not been met due to problems such as rising unemployment, the worst working climate, poverty traps for social inequalities, widening inequalities, and intergenerational equity, and it is impossible for citizens to get three times a day's food. The primary cause is the food waste. The primary element in making our food structure more effective is to reduce losses across the entire FSC and reduce environmental degradation at the lowest level. There is a wealth of research available on the application of the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to various sectors such as agriculture, the production of different goods and their effects on environmental degradation, but rare studies are available in developing countries like Pakistan. This chapter aimed to cover all aspects of LCA, Life Cycle Costs (LCC), Environmental Life Cycle Costs (E-LCC), Social Life Cycle Costs (S-LCC), and their role in mitigating environmental degradation. Food waste with its three major classifications for e.g.; mega-trends, natural constraints; and root management were addressed in depth. Similarly, the effect of the climate on three main pillars of sustainability, such as economic, social, and environmental sustainability, has also been addressed. The proposed new LCA covers four closely linked methods which are the juxtaposition of substitutive product processes/services; the juxtaposition of a life-cycle substitute for a particular product or service; and the identification of life-saving changes in parts where maximum improvements can be produced. The application of LCA on various biological and non-biological food waste valorization process are elaborated. In the end detailed deliberation on current efforts made on LCA has been discussed in this chapter.

The uncontrollable urban growth become serious implication to the environment and urban economy. Jakarta as a capital city of Indonesia has growing significantly from metropolitan to megapolitan city. This growth also followed by environment degradation, which caused by changing of urban planology that doesn’t match with the policy of the last government. Jakarta coastal reclamation and the changing of Bopunjur’s (Bogor, Puncak, Cianjur) function as a conservation area are the real evidence, that have occured some colaboration and co-operation between government as a policy maker and contractor as a constructor. The priority of economic consideration by all stakeholders make environment become “dying” from day to day.

Accountability it from that article which promotes environmental damage in particular the Environmental Protection Area. We discuss existing paradoxes when environmental degradation caused and by acts arising from housing installation in environmentally protection area. We approach the historical, accountability forms in brazilian law, beyond the theories of risk. Also analyzed the obligation of the State to promote public policies for the implementation of the right fundamental social decent housing. Nevertheless, it was made a reflection on the constants in the world sustainable vision, informing a new design will assist in the search to text purpose. We deal also do theme conservation area proposed by Law 9985 /00.

Guangxi, a critical ecological region in southwestern China, faces pressing environmental challenges, including soil erosion, rocky desertification, biodiversity loss, and water pollution, intensified by industrialization and anthropogenic activities. In response, the "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Spatial and Territorial Planning (2021-2035)" was formulated to address these issues through comprehensive ecological protection and restoration strategies. This study critically evaluates the Plan's impact on key ecological aspects, such as water resource management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change adaptation. A detailed analysis of Guangxi's current ecological status highlights the regions vulnerabilities and environmental degradation. The paper assesses the Plans major initiatives, including the establishment of ecological red lines, the creation of nature reserves, and extensive land restoration projects, examining their effectiveness in enhancing ecological resilience. Findings indicate significant improvements in water quality and reductions in soil erosion; however, challenges such as air pollution and long-term ecological stability persist. The study concludes that while the Plan represents a vital framework for promoting sustainable development in Guangxi, its success will depend on sustained interdisciplinary efforts, enhanced monitoring mechanisms, and continued investment in ecological governance.