Desafíos y oportunidades del cambio global para la sostenibilidad en Centroamérica

Decomposition of CO2 Emissions over 1980-2003 in Turkey

Carbon Sequestration in Soils of Latin America

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial development (qualitative and quantitative changes in the financial system and its components) on the dynamics of economic growth in V4 countries. In modern conditions, the financial system is a transfer mechanism of the business cycle and therefore affects the structure and dynamics of foreign direct investment, and especially the efficiency of their assimilation. The subject of the survey is the financial development and the FDI flows impact on economic growth. Methodology. The survey is based on the evaluation of the equation, which is the Barro regression specification. This model helps to find out the impact of the volume and depth of financial system on the dynamics of economic growth. GDP growth per capita is used as an indicator of economic growth. The paper proposes modeling results for the group countries (Hungary, Poland, Slovak and Czech Republic). Static data have been used for the period from 1992 to 2016. Results. FDI has an important role in reforming and developing the national economies of the countries in Visegrad Group. However, today, there is a problem with the stability of FDI inflows and with the efficiency of their development, which negatively affects the dynamics of economic growth. An important factor is the insufficient level of national financial system development of the Visegrad countries. All countries of the group have bank-oriented financial systems that are heavily dependent on foreign capital. At the same time, governments pay particular attention to the stability of banking sectors and set high standards for their sustainability. This holds back the financial development of the national economies of the Visegrad Group. At the same time, regression models for all countries confirm the importance of financial development in economic growth. The most important for V4 countries is to increase the size of the financial sector. Simulation shows that the stock market has the biggest positive impact on economic growth. The creation and development of the regional financial market were proposed for the countries in the Visegrad Group. Perhaps such an offer will not be in Hungarian interests as it has a different financial system and investment policy than other countries in V4 Group. However, other CEE and former Soviet countries will be able to join the regional market in the future. The obtained results should be taken into consideration when developing the macroeconomic policy of the Visegrad Group countries, implementing the policy of financial sectors development of these countries, and improving the policy of attracting foreign direct investment.

The study examined Role of Services Sector in Economic Diversification in Nigeria (1984-2023). Given Nigeria's dependence on oil revenue has rendered its economy susceptible to global price volatility. Economic diversification is a critical pathway for reducing this dependency, particularly through the services sector. The research is guide by two objectives, research questions and hypotheses, it employs an ex post facto design using secondary data validated by the World Bank (WB,2024). The dataset includes Nigeria’s Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) as a proxy for economic growth and key service sector indicators, including Finance and Insurance and Real Estate, with Inflation is included as a control variable. Regression analysis conducted via SPSS reveals a significant correlation between Finance and Insurance contributions to GDP (t = 2.385, p = 0.022), Real Estate contributions (t = 4.101, p = 0.000), and GDP growth. Both sectors substantially impact economic growth and diversification. The study recommends that the government should promote private sector investments in service sectors that will enhance and support the agriculture and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria.

The research examined the influence of the fundamental exchange rate misalignment and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Asia and Africa’s financial development on CO2 emissions in Asian countries using panel data from 1970 to 2021. The methodology consists of ARDL bound testing and PMG/ARDL estimators with dynamic OLS estimators. The results reveal that the long-run real exchange rates for least developed countries (LDCs) are expected to rise in CO2 emissions in Asian and African countries with improved trade and net foreign asset positions. The relative productivity and trade openness also increase the exchange rate, which also plays a vital role in the growth of CO2 emissions. Except for Egypt, all least developed countries (LDCs) currencies are overpriced throughout the research period at the same time; it would be harmed by increased openness, foreign direct investment inflows, and currency misalignment. Overvaluation harms Bahrain’s economic growth. In comparison, undervaluation helps Egypt that currency misalignment does not affect financial growth in any LDCs over the long run. In the short-run, more real investment, net foreign assets, and official assistance inflows would enhance financial growth in Qatar, Bahrain, Singapore, and South Korea. In contrast, trade openness would slow it down in Egypt and Kuwait. The study suggested that the poor economic performance is due to RER misalignment, which occurs when exchange rate policies are improper and causes a rise in CO2 emissions in many developing countries.

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Currently, agricultural production systems are intensives and develop in a context of climate change, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and scarce resources. Thus, it is necessary to know the level of sustainability of agroecosystems and its implications in economic, environmental and social terms. <strong>Objective</strong>. The aimed of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the methodologies used to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems (SPA). <strong>Methodology</strong>. The study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes), a systematic literature study was carried out in the global databases ScienceDirect, JSTOR, SpringerLink, Dialnet, Google Scholar, Google Academic, using as search terms using the Boolean operator: “evaluation, methodologies, agricultural sustainability”. Zotero (www.zotero.org), a free access manager for bibliographic references, was used. In the case of Peru, the database of the Doctoral Program in Sustainable Agriculture of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (PDAS-UNALM) was reviewed. <strong>Results</strong>. Twenty-two frameworks or methodological proposals were found. Some frameworks and methodological proposals focus on the construction of indicators of environmental and economic sustainability and to a lesser extent social ones; others in defining sustainability indices, synthesizing values of economic, environmental and social indicators in a single numerical value; and another group that develop conceptual evaluation frameworks with a hierarchical structure of the indicators, start from attributes or objectives, perform the comparison of reference and alternative production systems, and due to their flexibility, they are applicable in different SPAs. In 88% of the sustainability study cases in Peru, the methodological proposal of "Multicriteria Analysis" was used, explained by its low cost, easy definition and interpretation of indicators and adaptable to evaluate the sustainability of most SPA from Peru. <strong>Implications.</strong> The application of methodologies to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems are not rigid, in some cases they can be adapted or modified according to the criteria of the researchers based on the characteristics of the agroecosystems. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. For the evaluation of the sustainability of SPAs where a large amount of information with economic, environmental and social variables is involved, there are alternatives such as frameworks or methodological proposals that can be adapted according to the objectives, spatial analysis or their multidimensional nature. In cases of SPA sustainability analysis studies in Peru carried out between 2012 and 2020, it was found that 88% used the methodological proposal of Sarandón and Flores (2009) based on the "Multicriteria Analysis" and define the levels of sustainability with indices.</p>

In a case review of climate-smart agriculture practices in Mayan milpa farming communities in Belize (Central America), this pa- per reframes how small-scale agriculture practices can influence larger Earth systems sustainability. In what has been a sustainable form of farming for hundreds of years, the milpa has become less sustainable due to global climate change, forest loss, soil degradation, population growth, and other factors. This article reviews the findings of a 2020 study of positive socio-ecological systems (SES) influences —environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and technological— from climate-smart practices on local resource sustainability. SES considers several multidisciplinary linkages of human and ecological factors in the agroecological system. SES considers several multidisciplinary linkages of human and ecological factors in the agroecological system. SES influences from small-scale climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices can have both micro-scale impacts as well as macro-scale implications for SES sustainability and food security. Understanding the implications of small-scale farming on larger Earth systems can inform global climate change mitigations and government policy and action needed to promote CSA practices. This is important for the resilience of vulnerable populations such as Belizean milpa farming communities and others who rely directly on resource sustainability for their food and livelihood security.

Influence of topographic and edaphic factors on vulnerability to soil degradation due to cattle grazing in humid tropical mountains in northern Honduras

Research on economic diversification and complexity has made significant advances in understanding economic development processes, but has only recently explored environmental and social sustainability considerations. In this article we evaluate the current state of this emerging literature and reveal 13 research gaps. A total of 35 different keywords and methods from structured literature reviews and network science helped to identify 374 scientific articles between 1988 and 2020 and revealed a fragmented research landscape around three larger network communities: (1) industrial policies, climate change, and green growth; (2) economic complexity and its association with inequality and environmental sustainability; and (3) economic diversification, including studies on livelihood diversification in poor areas. Economic complexity research applies new empirical methods and considers both social and environmental sustainability, but seldom scrutinizes theory and policy. Industrial policy research focuses on green growth policies but tends to omit social sustainability issues and advanced empirical methods. Research on economic diversification in poor regions provides insights on the livelihood diversification of farmers, but is disconnected from the economic complexity and industrial policy research. This review helps to summarize the main contributions and shows pathways for potential mutual learning between these communities for the sake of sustainable development.

The study examined the interrelationship among economic growth, environmental pollution and human health for Sustainable Development (SD) in Nigeria. This was to contribute to the dynamic debate of how human and economic activities relate and interrelate with environmental pollution in measuring sustainable development in Nigeria. This study further sought to verify the Environmental Kuznet Curve Hypothesis in Nigeria.The study employed the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to investigate linear and interrelationship mainly among life expectancy at birth, economic growth and environmental pollution in Nigeria from 1970-2015. Since the variables have unit root and revealed that there is at least a cointegrating equation in the model, the VECM become a more appropriate model for the study.The VECM Impulse Response Function (IRF) result indicated that economic growth increased environmental degradation in the long run and environmental degradation on the other way round reduced economic growth in most of the period of the study. The VECM system conditional forecast of 10%, 20% and 26% from 2000 to 2015 periods showed that a 10%, 20%, and 26% reduction forecasts of environmental pollution led to a consistent increased economic growth and life expectancy at birth of the country in the study. This indicated that a reduction in environmental pollution will improve the health of Nigerians and also enhance a sustainable development in the country.The study concluded that environmental degradation reduces economic growth while economic activities in the country increases environmental degradation in the country. From the conditional forecast, the study further concluded that efforts in reducing environmental pollution through policies and better environmental friendly economic activities will improves economic growth for sustainable development in the country.

Purpose: The aim of this research is to investigates the correlation between monetary policy and economic growth in Jordan during the period from 2008 to 2022. The study evaluates significant macroeconomic indicators, including inflation rate, interest rate, money supply, and economic growth, within and beyond the specified time frame. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of monetary policy on economic growth through the utilization of the statistical technique of least squares regression. Accurate results are obtained using EViews, a widely recognized statistical program. The data for this study is sourced from reputable institutions such as the World Bank and Trading Economics. Theoretical framework: The importance of this study holds great significance as it aims to examine the link between monetary policy and the growth of the economy, a topic that has been the subject of extensive theoretical and policy discussions among economists over a significant period. Given the current economic conditions characterized by slow growth and concerns about potential deflation, as well as perceived constraints on economic policies, there is heightened interest in understanding this relationship. Consequently, the debate surrounding this issue has occasionally become intense and contentious. Design/Methodology/Approach: The Methodology plays a crucial role in scientific research as it provides researchers with a framework to follow in order to achieve objective and reliable results. The choice of methodology may vary depending on the academic discipline, with each approach having its own unique characteristics and functions that are utilized by researchers in their respective fields of specialization. In the context of this particular study, a descriptive approach was adopted for the theoretical aspect, while an analytical approach was employed for the practical aspect. By collecting macroeconomic indicators as time series data from 2008 to 2022, the study aimed to investigate the interconnection implementation of monetary policy and the growth of the economy. To examine the stability of the variables, unit root tests were employed, and the data utilized in the study was obtained from reliable sources such as the World Bank and Trading Economics. Findings: The result of this analysis reveals significant findings regarding the influence of various factors on economic growth from 2008 to 2022. The findings reveal a statistically significant negative association between the inflation rate and economic growth, with a significance level of 0.05. Based on this finding, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis (H1). However, the study determines that the impact of the interest rate on economic growth is not statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. Consequently, the null hypothesis (H0) is accepted, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is rejected. Finally, the analysis reveals a statistically significant positive relationship between money supply and economic growth, with a significance level of 0.05. As a result, the study rejects the null hypothesis (H0) and supports the alternative hypothesis (H1). These findings offer valuable insights into the connection between monetary policy and economic growth within the specified timeframe. The study highlights the need for further comprehensive research on the factors influencing the growth of the Jordanian economy. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of investigating various indicators of monetary policy and their effects on economic growth in Jordan. It is recommended to consider inflation rate policies and implement economic reform measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of inflation on economic growth in the country. Furthermore, careful attention should be given to money supply and the policies implemented by relevant institutions, particularly regarding the circulation of money, due to its positive influence on economic growth. Research, practical & social implications: The aims of this study is to examine the interplay between various monetary policy instruments and the dynamics of economic growth, with a specific focus on the context of Jordan. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of monetary policy on economic growth through the utilization of the statistical technique of least squares regression. Accurate results are obtained using EViews, a widely recognized statistical program. The data for this study is sourced from reputable institutions such as the World Bank and Trading Economics.

This bibliometric analysis delves into the landscape of environmental sustainability research within Indonesia's built environment studies. As a nation undergoing rapid urbanization, understanding the trajectory of scholarly contributions addressing environmental issues becomes imperative. The study employs comprehensive data metrics, including publication trends, influential works, and potential research gaps, to offer a panoramic view of the field. Through clustering and overlay visualization, research trends are identified, and the top-cited documents shed light on influential works. The analysis also reveals less-explored areas, guiding future research directions. The comparison with previous studies enriches our understanding of the field's evolution. The implications extend beyond academia, providing practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners involved in shaping Indonesia's built environment sustainably.

In recent years, the environmental problem caused by economic development has been an important issue all over the world. The traditional analysis of environmental pollution often relies on the endogenous growth model, where environmental pollution is treated as a factor that influences capital and population. In this paper, we develop a nonlinear model that integrates economic growth, technological progress, resource consumption, and environmental pollution to explore the dynamic mechanisms of economic growth under environmental constraints. We first prove the non-negativity of the model’s solutions, followed by establishing their boundedness using a Lyapunov function. Additionally, we investigate, for the first time, the tipping point of a key parameter within the model related to environmental pollution, demonstrating that neglecting environmental pollution renders economic growth unsustainable and can lead to collapse. The study also examines two distinct types of environmental governance aimed at controlling pollution, computing the tipping points associated with economic growth under each governance strategy. Our findings highlight the critical role of green production methods in sustaining economic growth. Finally, we analyze how initial conditions and random disturbances affect the steady-state of economic growth, revealing that initial levels of capital and technological skill can determine the system’s steady-state, while stochastic shocks can alter tipping points and push the system away from stability.

In this study, we examined the impact of key macroeconomic variables on the sustainability of tourism in Uzbekistan using open data from the World Bank from 2000 to 2023. The selected variables for the study include the number of international tourists, GDP, CO2 emissions, and exchange rates. Considering the importance of climate issues in ensuring sustainable tourism, the study combines these factors using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to assess their long-term relationships. We chose this model due to its flexibility in dealing with variables of different integration orders. The results of the bounds testing procedure confirm the existence of a long-term cointegration relationship between the dependent variable (international tourist arrivals) and the selected macroeconomic indicators. Specifically, the study results indicate that GDP growth, exchange rate fluctuations, and CO2 emissions positively affect tourist arrivals to Uzbekistan. The findings of this study underscore the importance of infrastructure development and macroeconomic stability in attracting international tourists while emphasizing the need for sustainable international practices to mitigate environmental impacts. This study contributes to understanding the complex interrelationship between tourism development and macroeconomic variables in the context of developing countries and aids decision-making in this area.

Abstract. Agricultural land covers 5.1×109 ha (ca. 50 % of potentially suitable land area), and agriculture has immense effects on soil formation and degradation. Although we have an advanced mechanistic understanding of individual degradation processes of soils under agricultural use, general concepts of agropedogenesis are absent. A unifying theory of soil development under agricultural practices, of agropedogenesis, is urgently needed. We introduce a theory of anthropedogenesis – soil development under the main factor “humankind” – the sixth factor of soil formation, and deepen it to encompass agropedogenesis as the most important direction of anthropedogenesis. The developed theory of agropedogenesis consists of (1) broadening the classical concept of factors→processes→properties→functions along with their feedbacks to the processes, (2) a new concept of attractors of soil degradation, (3) selection and analysis of master soil properties, (4) analysis of phase diagrams of master soil properties to identify thresholds and stages of soil degradation, and, finally, (5) a definition of the multidimensional attractor space of agropedogenesis. The main feature of anthropedogenesis is the narrowing of soil development to only one function (e.g. crop production for agropedogenesis), and this function is becoming the main soil-forming factor. The focus on only one function and the disregard of other functions inevitably lead to soil degradation. We show that the factor humankind dominates over the effects of the five natural soil-forming factors and that agropedogenesis is therefore much faster than natural soil formation. The direction of agropedogenesis is largely opposite to that of natural soil development and is thus usually associated with soil degradation. In contrast to natural pedogenesis leading to divergence of soil properties, agropedogenesis leads to their convergence because of the efforts to optimize conditions for crop production. Agricultural practices lead soil development toward a quasi-steady state with a predefined range of measured properties – attractors (an attractor is a minimal or maximal value of a soil property toward which the property will develop via long-term intensive agricultural use from any natural state). Based on phase diagrams and expert knowledge, we define a set of “master properties” (bulk density and macroaggregates, soil organic matter content, C:N ratio, pH and electrical conductivity – EC, microbial biomass and basal respiration) as well as soil depth (A and B horizons). These master properties are especially sensitive to land use and determine the other properties during agropedogenesis. Phase diagrams of master soil properties help identify thresholds and stages of soil degradation, each of which is characterized by one dominating process. Combining individual attractors in a multidimensional attractor space enables predicting the trajectory and the final state of agrogenic soil development and developing measures to combat soil degradation. In conclusion, the suggested new theory of anthro- and agropedogenesis is a prerequisite for merging various degradation processes into a general view and for understanding the functions of humankind not only as the sixth soil-forming factor but also as an ecosystem engineer optimizing its environment to fulfil a few desired functions.