Der arme Mann und der grosse Turm: ethisches, ökonomisches und rechtliches Denken bei Kirchenbauprojekten des Spätmittelalters

اهداف: هدف اصلی این مقاله شناسایی و پهنه‌بندی محدودۀ منطقۀ ثامن مشهد از نظر آسیب‌پذیری شبکۀ معابر در زمان بروز حوادثی همچون زلزله می‌باشد. روش: این مطالعه براساس هدف، از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش، از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی ـ موردی است. بنابراین ابتدا پارامترهای مؤثر در تعیین کارایی شبکۀ معابر در زمان بروز بلایایی، همچون زلزله با استفاده از نظرات کارشناسان تعیین گردیدند. سپس برای انتخاب بهینه‌ترین مسیر جهت تخلیه‌اضطراری در زلزله‌های احتمالی، از مدل تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی و قابلیت‌ها و تکنیک‌های هم‌پوشانی لایه‌های اطلاعاتی در نرم‌افزار Arc GIS استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها/نتایج: استفاده از فرایند تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی نشان داد که در بین شاخص‌های مطرح‌شده، شاخص ویژگی‌های سازه‌ای جداره درمجموع از دیگر شاخص‌ها تأثیرگذاری بیشتری را داشته است. همچنین نتایج حاصل از هم‌پوشانی شاخص‌ها نشان می‌دهد که معابر موجود در شمال منطقه نسبت به بقیۀ محدودۀ موردمطالعه، دارای آسیب‌پذیری بیشتری می‌باشند و با حرکت از شمال به جنوب منطقه، از میزان آسیب‌پذیری کاسته می‌شود. نتیجه‌گیری: بیشتر معابر این منطقه به‌لحاظ دارابودن بافت قدیمی و تراکم بالای جمعیتی و ساختار ساختمانی نامناسب، دارای بیشترین آسیب‌پذیری می‌باشند. بنابراین نیاز است تا زمان اصلاح شبکۀ معابر از مسیرهای اصلی منطقه به‌عنوان بهینه‌ترین مسیرها که دارای بهترین شرایط برای دسترسی به سایر مناطق هستند، استفاده کرد.

تأمین پدافند غیر عامل شهر در شرایط پیش از بحران از مهم‌ترین وظایف برنامه ریزان و طراحان شهری است. در بررسی پدافند غیر عامل، عوامل و عناصر متعددی مانند کاربری اراضی، شبکه دسترسی، تراکم و... تأثیرگذارند که به وسیله آن‌ها می‌توان پهنه‌های آسیب پذیر شهر در شرایط بحرانی را تشخیص داد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی پهنه‌های آسیب پذیر پدافند غیر عامل در یک تحلیل چند معیاری و ارائه پیشنهاد‌های کاهش دامنه آسیب پذیری پدافند غیر عامل در شهرک شهید باهنر مشهد می‌باشد. بدین منظور پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی توصیفی – تحلیلی و با بررسی و تحلیل ادبیات موضوع گسترده پدافند غیر عامل به ارائه چارچوب نظری پژوهش پرداخته است و پس از تهیه نقشه‌های تحلیلی توسط نرم‌افزارهای (GIS) و (Space Syntax)، در ادامه با استفاده از روش‌های تحلیلی کیفی (Delphi) و (AHP) به تحلیل و اولویت‌دهی پهنه‌های آسیب پذیر پدافند غیر عامل اقدام نموده، و در انتها توسط روش تحلیل‌گر همپوشانی وزن‌دار (Weighted Overlay) به شناسایی پهنه‌های آسیب پذیر بافت شهرک شهید باهنر مشهد اقدام نموده است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که از میان شاخص‌های قابل بررسی، سه شاخص معابر شریانی درجه یک، مراکز امدادی و مخازن آب بیشترین و شاخص‌های تراکم جمعیتی کم و بافت مرمتی کم ترین اهمیت را در فرایند شناسایی پهنه‌های آسیب پذیر داشته‌اند. از نتایج مهم این پژوهش می توان به تاثیر نبود دسترسی های جمع و پخش کننده پیرامونی بر آسیب پذیری محدوده و مشخص شدن میزان درصد پهنه های آسیب پذیر محدوده در سه طبقه حیاتی، حساس و مهم اشاره کرد.

Abstract. Todays, due to the increase of urban population and lack of resources and too much focus on cities, energy supply, due to increased energy consumption, is very difficult and expensive. This is despite the fact that over % 40 of the energy is consumed in buildings and people’s lives dependen on it and this issue reaches to its peak when people’s lives are in danger during the crisis of power outage. Passive defense measures are done to reduce vulnerability in times of crisis without the use of military actions and exclusively by the use of technical and management practices to reduce losses and casualties. To avoid or lessen such tangible disasters that may happen during floods, earthquakes, wars and so on strategies such as the use of smart materials can be used. In fact, sustainable buildings with passive defense system can be designed so that the agent or other person is not needed to provide energy and the building itself could easily provide the required energy. Sustainable architectural principles used in these buildings should also meet the needs of its users as well. In other words , it should provide the maximum comfort for the residents and the lowest cost and to act in times of crisis so that the residents’ energy requirements gets resolved without the presence of the agent. Therefore, in this study in which the library method was used to collect data, smart materials which help to achieve passive defense in construction of sustainable buildings, were introduced.

This article aims to explore the natural disasters resulted from climate change and the victims’ critical choice for surviving the consequential starvation after drought. Upon a natural disaster, negative impacts follow inevitably, minor ones: such as shortage to answer basic needs, economy downturn, major ones: such as turmoil or disturbance threatening the authority.The ruling classes of Tang Dynasty, while encountering natural disasters one after another, were in bad need of actively formulating effective strategies and taking contingent measures to take issues under control in addition to coping with the challenges passively. However, the governments often than not answered the urgent needs of the people rather meagerly despite of having responded with soothing and relief policies; to our surprise the consequences of the officials’ negligence victimized the people far more severely than natural disaster. The parents as ordinary people being trapped in the disasters helplessly and further struggling under the critical threats of both the natural disaster and the negligence of the authority and officials had no choice but making a painful decision to sell their children for beating the survival crisis with the unbearable pain of cruelly leaving family behind.

Pakistan is one of the most natural disaster-prone countries in the world and during July-August 2010 the worst ever flood in its history occurred. It may take months if not years for the people to recover from the devastating impact. Natural disasters often result in great losses, both in terms of materials and people’s lives. Vulnerability to natural disasters combined with socio-economic vulnerability of the people pose a great challenge to the government machinery. Disasters are exacerbated where there is inadequate government support for emergency situations. These situations are complicated because the breakdown of the government structure makes assistance or intervention difficult. This type of emergency is usually associated with the problems of displaced people during times of civil conflict or with people in need caught in areas of conflict. The actual disaster results in substantial damage to the population in terms of loss of life and property. This direct result can be termed the ‘first disaster’. Another wave of damage triggered by a chain of cause-and-effect events relating to the first disaster results in indirect damage to people remote from the original disaster. For example, the people cannot repay their loans, resulting in losses to money lenders. Such events can also result in higher incidences of problems relating to health (heart attacks, strokes), emotional responses (suicides) and crime (homicides). This is called the ‘second disaster’ and can be in greater magnitude than the ‘first disaster’. Appropriate rehabilitation and care of the victims in first disaster can break the chain of events leading to the second disaster. This paper summarizes the important and new developments in disaster situations, particularly for the higher flood risk zones, in an endeavour to mitigate the impact of the ‘second disaster’. Key words: Disaster, flash floods, hydro-meteorology, Pakistan, strategies.

Collateral for immovable objects such as land is subject to mortgage institutions of property rights regulated in Act No. 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage of Land Together with Objects Related to it. If a land encumbered is affected by natural disasters such as earthquakes or land slides, it will also result in the destruction of the encumbrance that constitutes the rights of the bank as a creditor. Article 18 paragraph (1) Act No. 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage of Land Together with Objects Related to it does not regulate the legal force of mortgage certificate whose object is destroyed, leading to its vacancy. The formulation of the problem in this research was: what is the position of mortgage certificate with a guarantee in the form of land in the event that the object is destroyed due to natural disasters, and what is the legal protection for holders of the mortgage certificates with collateral in the form of land in the event that the encumbrance was destroyed because of natural disasters. The type of research used in this thesis was a normative legal research. The type of approach employed was analitical and conceptual approach and the statute approach, This study used primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of legal materials. Legal material collection techniques in this study used the technique of literature review which was supported by the snowball technique. Processing techniques and analysis of legal materials in this research was to portray the real situations of a problem, then to describe the existing problems, and to give an opinion to the issue. Results of this study were that the position of mortgage certificate whose object was destroyed due to natural disasters was legally null and void, and the power binding and executorial certificate of mortgage whose object was destroyed by natural disaster became null and void. The preventive legal protection for creditors and debtors was done by insuring the mortgage in insurance company.Repressive legal protection for creditors was to claim payment from the insurance company to creditors in lieu of payment of the debtor's credit. Repressive legal protection that could be given to the debtor was the payment of money left over after deducting residual claim on the debtor's credit collateral had been destroyed.

Social media platforms play a crucial role in how people communicate, particularly during crisis situations such as natural disasters. People share and disseminate information on social media platforms that relates to updates, alerts, rescue and relief requests among other crisis relevant information. Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Sandy saw over tens of millions of posts getting generated, on Twitter, in a short span of time. The ambit of such posts spreads across a wide range such as personal and official communications, and citizen sensing, to mention a few. This makes social media platforms a source of vital information to different stakeholders in crisis situations such as impacted communities, relief agencies, and civic authorities. However, the overwhelming volume of data generated during such times, makes it impossible to manually identify information relevant to crisis. Additionally, a large portion of posts in voluminous streams is not relevant or bears minimal relevance to crisis situations. This has steered much research towards exploring methods that can automatically identify crisis relevant information from voluminous streams of data during such scenarios. However, the problem of identifying crisis relevant information from social media platforms, such as Twitter, is not trivial given the nature of unstructured text such as short text length and syntactic variations among other challenges. A key objective, while creating automatic crisis relevancy classification systems, is to make them adaptable to a wide range of crisis types and languages. Many related approaches rely on statistical features which are quantifiable properties and linguistic properties of the text. A general approach is to train the classification model on labelled data acquired from crisis events and evaluate on other crisis events. A key aspect missing from explored literature is the validity of crisis relevancy classification models when applied to data from unseen types of crisis events and languages. For instance, how would the accuracy of a crisis relevancy classification model, trained on earthquake type of events, change when applied to flood type of events. Or, how would a model perform when trained on crisis data in English but applied to data in Italian. This thesis investigates these problems from a semantics perspective, where the challenges posed by diverse types of crisis and language variations are seen as the problems that can be tackled by enriching the data semantically. The use of knowledge bases such as DBpedia, BabelNet, and Wikipedia, for semantic enrichment of data in text classification problems has often been studied. Semantic enrichment of data through entity linking and expansion of context via knowledge bases can take advantage of connections between different concepts and thus enhance contextual coherency across crisis types and languages. Several previous works have focused on similar problems and proposed approaches using statistical features and/or non-semantic features. The use of semantics extracted through knowledge graphs has remained unexplored in building crisis relevancy classifiers that are adaptive to varying crisis types and multilingual data. Experiments conducted in this thesis consider data from Twitter, a micro-blogging social media platform, and analyse multiple aspects of crisis data classification. The results obtained through various analyses in this thesis demonstrate the value of semantic enrichment of text through knowledge graphs in improving the adaptability of crisis relevancy classifiers across crisis types and languages, in comparison to statistical features as often used in much of the related work.

I grew up in a family that possessed two symbols of warfare: an old carved taiaha (a Maori pointed staff weapon) and my father's Royal Navy sword. Both are ceremonial - beautiful objects created to celebrate acts and threats of violence. These objects symbolise the influences that have formed me as an artist. My intention in this research is to examine the interconnections of art and a whole range of disasters, not only those caused by wars. Disasters can be caused by nature: the vagaries of weather, tectonic and volcanic activity. Others have been legacies of war, industrialisation and the accidents caused by any number of human activities. The title of this research project is Repetition and Rupture: a Collision of Natural Disasters, Technological Disasters and Art. In this exegesis I aim to contextualise my studio practice using these themes as structuring ideas. Repetition in the context of my research refers to our habitual responses of how we perceive and interpret reality, and through this habituation, how our view of reality is obscured. We experience the past while anticipating the future; however, our perception fails to match the reality of the present, fuelling our inability to foresee the consequences of our own actions. Rupture, in the context of my research, is the unexpected revealing of impermanence, of cause and effect, providing us with the opportunity to view reality with more clarity. Natural disasters are ruptures that are a part of the reality of our lives. They are ruptures as they confirm our illusions of stability and permanence. My studio research work consists of video with original soundtracks as well as two dimensional works on paper. I identified, through the process and history of my own work, an interconnection between natural and technological disasters and art. My practice draws on memories and experiences from my past and my family history that are pivotal in shaping the way in which I see the world. I have endeavored to contextualise these with commentaries on relevant artists and theorists, giving emphasis to artists and writers whose visions of a world of decay and instability echo my own perceptions. In Chapter One: Repetition and disaster in art, I investigate the notion of disaster in relation to repetition. I examine Andy Warhol's Death and Disaster series, Deleuze's writing on repetition, and incorporate my own experiences growing up on the Pacific Rim of Fire. In Chapter Two: Gunkanjima - a rupture of technological disaster, I examine the destructive legacy of industrialisation and its aftermath by retracing my father's footsteps to Nagasaki and focus on the extraordinary island of Gunkanjima. Here, I examine the theories of Paul Virilio and discuss relevant works by Bill Viola and Andrei Tarkovsky. Representing instability of the accident, whether it is technological or natural, has challenged me to explore what it is that the accident or disaster can reveal to us, and how this is, and can be, represented in art.

Lightning air terminals are a very significant part of lightning protection system (LPS) for buildings, structures and facilities. With reference to the facilities requiring lightning protection the position, the apparent height, and the angle of protection of lightning air terminals determines the collection volume (CV) of the protected area. The CV of direct strike lightning air terminals can change due to facilities which are affected by natural disasters such as seismic tremor and flood. If such natural disasters do happen, there are possibilities that the facilities will not be fully protected from direct lightning strikes due to building and structure misalignment the aftermath of seismic tremor and flood related earth movement. So for the safety of equipment and personnel, lightning protection system efficacy assurance is necessary. Therefore, there should be a technique and device to monitor the variation of collection volume afforded by every lightning air terminal on buildings and structures after the occurrence of a natural disaster. This paper presents a new technique as well as a new device to monitor the collection volume variation. A part of the device was obtained from a recycled moveable television antenna. This approach is not only practical, portable and cost effective but also incorporating the idea of environmental protection and recycling of used plastic materials.

<p class="p1"><strong><em>Introducción. </em></strong><em>México está expuesto a una gran variedad de fenómenos geológicos, considerado como uno de los países con mayor actividad sísmica en el mundo por experimentar anualmente más de 90 sismos de una magnitud 4 o más en la escala de Richter, según datos del Fondo de Desastres Naturales.</em><span class="s1"><em>1 </em></span><em>La OMS</em><span class="s1"><em>2 </em></span><em>creó las Estrategias para la Reducción de Desastres, en las que integró en 2004 el término “Hospitales Seguros” con la finalidad de lograr que las personas tuvieran acceso a establecimientos de salud en correcto funcionamiento durante y después de un desastre natural. </em><strong><em>Desarrollo. </em></strong><em>En los hospitales conviven personas con afecciones en su salud, las cuales las limitan en movilidad y/o en sus funciones y merman su capacidad de toma de decisiones. De ellas, los pacientes en áreas críticas (quirófanos, cuidados intensivos) y pediátricas son los más vulnerables ante una contingencia. Por lo que es responsabilidad del personal de salud y brigadistas el prudente seguimiento de los protocolos de Protección Civil para su evacuación. </em><strong><em>Conclusiones. </em></strong><em>En el presente ensayo se exponen los principios éticos que el personal de salud enfrenta al momento de una emergencia de desastre natural, así como se contextualiza, en un marco normativo y también moral, las respuestas que permitan la ágil y oportuna acción ante estas situaciones, donde no existan juicios sobre la decisión tomada en el instante de la contingencia, pues es preciso definir con bases legales y éticas las responsabilidades a las que está comprometido para actuar durante y después de un siniestro.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></p>

Coastal cities suffer a great deal of storm and wind damage. The storm and wind characteristics vary between cities. Therefore, a storm and wind damage management system suited for specific characteristics is required for each coastal city. In this study, we analyze the current situation and establish the problem of storm and wind damage management system in regards to urban management, coastal management and disaster management. We also review the storm and wind damage management system for the USA and Japan. We consequently propose a plan to improve the storm and wind damage management system. As a result of the study, in terms of city management, we recommend the compulsory identification of disaster prevention districts, implementation of the integrated coastal city management plan, designation of natural disaster risk mitigation area as disaster prevention district, the division of disaster prevention district into wind damage prevention district, storm damage prevention district, erosion damage prevention district, the building of restrictions at the disaster prevention district by ordinance, etc. In regards to coastal management, we suggest the delegation of authority to delegate coastal erosion management area to the local government, the subdivision of coastal erosion management area into erosion serious area, erosion progress area, erosion concern area, the building restrictions at coastal erosion management area by ordinance, development of erosion prediction chart, etc. In relation to disaster management, we recommend the integration of 「countermeasures against natural disasters act」and「disasters and safety management basic act」, the local government-led disaster prevention system, the local disaster management network, and the customized local disaster prevention plan, etc.

علاوه بر تغییر‌اقلیم، تغییر‌کاربری‌اراضی به عنوان یک عامل جانبی اثرات مهمی بر سیلاب دارد. لذا پیش-بینی اثر این دو پارامتر بر وضعیت سیلاب دهه‌های آتی، راهگشای مقابله با این پدیده خواهد بود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر پیش‌بینی وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی حوزه آبخیز اسکندری در دهه آتی تحت اثر تغییر‌اقلیم و تغییر‌کاربری‌اراضی می‌باشد. جهت بررسی تغییرات اقلیمی دهه 2020، برونداد مدل HadCM3 تحت سناریوهای A2 و B1 توسط مدل LARS-WG ریزمقیاس گردید. پس از بررسی تغییرات کاربری-اراضی گذشته، دو سناریو جهت پیش‌بینی تغییرات آن در آینده طراحی شد. در انتها با تغییر هایتوگراف بارش و کاربری‌اراضی در مدلHEC-HMS که برای دوره گذشته کالیبره و اعتبارسنجی شده، اثر تغییر اقلیم و کاربری اراضی بر سیلاب منطقه مطالعاتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان دهنده افزایش 2/7 تا 9/10 درصدی بارش متوسط سالانه دهه 2020 می‌باشد. افزایش توأمان دمای حداقل و حداکثر منطقه مطالعاتی در تمامی ماه‌ها موجب افزایش 82/0 تا 02/1 درجه سانتی‌گرادی دمای متوسط سالانه خواهد شد. افزایش دبی اوج و حجم سیلاب در ماه‌های مارس، اکتبر و فوریه و کاهش آن در ماه آوریل پیش بینی شده است. به طوری که در صورت تغییر‌کاربری‌اراضی همراه با تغییر‌اقلیم این افزایش شدیدتر خواهد بود.

Huamual District which is located in west peninsula of Seram Island within Ambon Province is one of the under developed areas since its remote location and limited transport facilities from its regency capital and other developed areas. Therefore, the development program for that area needs to be boasted and secured. One of drawback of the economic development growth in Huamual District caused by current frequent flash flood disaster occurrences. Therefore, disaster resilient of both the local government and communities need to be strengthened. The Provincial Disaster Mitigation Agency of Maluku points that Huamual District was the most severe hit area by flash flood in Maluku beside Ambon City areas in 1^(st) August 2012. In order to prepare a program for increasing disaster resilient in that area, investigation of the disaster risk condition along the west coast of Huamual Peninsula within Huamual District has been conducted and reported in this paper. Reference study has been conducted followed by a field survey in the period of July 14^(th) to July 19^(th) 2014. The field survey was conducted on several sub-villages such as Nasiri, Mange-mange, Amaholu Losi, and Hatawano. The activities in the field survey were secondary data collection, interview to Local Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of West Seram Regency staffs, to sub-village leaders, to local community members, visual observation survey and river bed material sampling. This paper discusses disaster risk aspect found in the areas which consists of hazard, vulnerability, capacity and also mitigation aspect which consists of pre-disaster, disaster response and recovery phases. The results of this study are the following six findings. 1) The flash flood is the main cause of the natural disaster beside landslide. 2) Although the community settled in the prone area, they do not have knowledge about disaster mitigation but now, they are more aware. 3) BPBD in West Seram Regency has no yearly program related to capacity building, standard operating procedure, and disaster mitigation plan due to limited budget on local government budget and limited employee although 2 years of its establishment. 4) There is no community preparedness dealing with any kind of natural disaster except for their experiences in facing the past disaster. 5) The community still relies on their own members when facing any disaster response. 6) In recovering their sub-village condition the community relies on gotong royong spirit an Indonesian indigenous spirit of working together and also on their own resources.

As we grow older, approaching the age to understand Destiny, we see many things turning from prosperity to poverty, feeling sentimental; after serious consideration, we think the phenomenon is related to the ”cycling” and ”balance” as advanced in Book of Changes. We wish to further explore whether there is a rule governing all the ups and downs. Mencius advocated that a successful king rises every five hundred years. As Chinese history shows, orderliness and disorderliness come alternatively. Then, why is the world in disorder? It must concern our survival. Thomas Robert Malthus in his work ”An essay on the principle of population” noted that population increases geometrically. The earth and the countries we dwell in are limited space and we human beings are the one that really kills the environment. Hence, in the ancient times, one key to overcoming the population problems is natural disasters or man-made errors. But still now, we take the best way to conquer such a problem is again natural disasters or man-made errors. Nevertheless, nuclear weapons are so destructive that nobody dares to resort to it. That is also why there were only minor battles after the World War II. Then, what about natural disasters? We have been facing more and more disasters and, hopefully, the story of the movie ”Day after tomorrow” will not happen to us! Book of Changes is a book that analyzes the true meaning of change, where some things change and some things do not change. The so-called ”mean” as pursued by the Confucian school simply refers to ”balance”. To sum up, either science or human art proposes to strike a balance. For instance, in accounting, borrowing and lending must be balanced out. Another example is that we have to redress a balance among the four wheels of cars. At present, entities as big as the earth and as small as the surroundings around us all hang in balance. Nevertheless, a power in the universe will come to maintain a balance in everything, which is the wisdom of Chinese culture, that is, things are restored and renovated like a circle. In the process of development, technology has solved some problems while at the same time it has created some other crises. This is exactly what we have read in the western fable: people pushed the stone up and down the hill; they were doing the stupid thing over and over again. A piece of news from BCC reported that the images captured by the satellite might disclose a mystery regarding the disappearance of the Mayan civilization. These scientists used a satellite image and spotted five newly discovered Maya ruins, including hundreds of architectural monuments like temples in the Guatemala jungle. The satellite image and distance detection can break through the clouds and blocking fog, looking into the surface. Scientists think that satellite images may be able to provide answers to the mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. Scientists judged that the Mayan civilization highly flourished leading to the explosion of population, which prompted the Maya to continue to exploit the forest land and cultivate agricultural development. However, the results of the unremitting forest destruction caused regional warming, decline in rainfall, and, ultimately, water depletion. Therefore, Mayas scattered into four winds, hence the collapse of the civilization. As there are so many problems the whole world faces now and they are all related to human beings, our traditional ideas such as frugality and desire suppression actually provide new food for thought. On the contrary, it is not the outward expansion of western countries to grab resources and colonies or the superstition as to the omnipotence of technology that counts. So, when all the rising countries in the globe are pursuing economic progress and growth, should we not seek to reach a balance in the cycling world?

هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی نقش عوامل تأثیرگذار بر عملکرد جهت شیب در رخدادهای لغزشی حوضه آبریز بابلرود است. این مطالعه در دو مرحله انجام شد. در مرحله اول تراکم زمین‌لغزش‌ها در جهات اصلی شیب به تفکیک سازندها تعیین شد و در مرحله دوم، تراکم زمین‌لغزش‌ها در جهات اصلی شیب در رده‌های مختلف فاصله از گسل در هر سازند، موردبررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد تأثیر جهت شیب تا حدود زیادی تحت تأثیر فاصله از گسل و سنگ‌شناسی است؛ به‌طوری‌که نقش جهت شیب در رخدادهای لغزشی منطقه در کلاس‌های نزدیک گسل منفی و در کلاس دور از گسل مثبت ارزیابی شد. همچنین در سازندهای نرم و فرسایش پذیر مارن، شیل و آهک مارنی، نقش جهت شیب منفی و در سازندهای مقاوم نظیر آهک، دولومیت و ماسه‌سنگ، مثبت و طبق انتظار است.