Depressive symptoms, fruit and vegetables consumption and urinary 3-indoxylsulfate concentration: a nested case-control study in the French Nutrinet-Sante cohort.

Abstract

Previous epidemiologic studies have provided some evidence of an inverse association between fruit and vegetables consumption and risk of developing recurrent depressive symptoms. This association could possibly be explained by the role of such dietary factors on the gut microbiota. Especially, indole, a metabolite of tryptophan produced by gut bacteria, may be associated with the development of mood disorders. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between fruit and vegetables intake, recurrent depressive symptoms and indole, using measurement of its main urinary excretion form, i.e., 3-indoxylsulfate, as a biomarker. A nested case-control study was conducted in 891 women (aged 45-65) participating to the web-based NutriNet-Santé cohort with available dietary data and biological samples. Cases (individuals with recurrent depressive symptoms, n = 297) were defined as having two Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) scores ≥ 16 during the follow-up and were matched with 2 controls having two CES-D scores < 16. Urinary 3-indoxylsulfate concentration was measured as a biomarker of indole production by the gut microbiota. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to test the association of both fruit and vegetables consumption and urine 3-indoxylsulfate measurements with recurrent depressive symptoms. We also tested the association between fruit and vegetables consumption and urinary 3-indoxylsulfate levels using multivariate analysis of variance models. We found a significant inverse association between fruit and vegetables consumption and the risk of having recurrent depressive symptoms over a 2-year period. Fruit and vegetables consumption was inversely associated to urinary 3-indoxylsulfate concentration. However, no significant association was observed between urinary 3-indoxylsulfate levels and recurrent depressive symptoms within this sample. Our results confirm that low fruit and vegetables consumption could be associated with recurrent depressive symptoms. We also found an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and urinary levels of 3-indoxylsulfate. However, it is not possible to conclude to a possible mediation role of the indole produced by the gut microbiota from tryptophan, since there was no relationship between 3-indoxylsulfate and recurrent depressive symptoms.