Depressive symptoms anticipate behavioral and emotional factors among older adults: A prospective cross-lagged panel design.

Abstract

This study examined the temporal relationship among depression, anxiety, insomnia, perceived stress, and physical activity in adults aged 60+ years with a history of major depressive disorder. We conducted a longitudinal study with 12 weeks of follow-up. Assessments consisted of phone or video interviews and included questionnaires evaluating depression, anxiety, insomnia, perceived stress, and physical activity. Our analytic approach consisted of a depression-focused cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) to examine week-to-week correlations among the five measures. The depression-focused CLPM identified statistically significant week-to-week self-predictive effects for each of the five measures. Higher depressive symptom burden was a strong predictor of increased stress, greater insomnia, and less physical activity the following week. No other cross-measure predictions were statistically significant. Our analytical approach clarifies the directional relationship among variables that typically co-occur with depression showing that higher depression symptom burden predisposes older adults to poor sleep, a reduced level of daytime activity, and a greater sense of stress. These findings support the need for longitudinal assessments and targeted interventions for reducing symptoms of depression in older adults.