Abstract
Synopsis Data from the field and Survey boreholes show the Coal Measures (Westphalian) in the Thornhill Basin to comprise an attentuated sequence of paralic strata in which restricted marine faunal assemblages, including representatives of the Vanderbeckei and Aegiranum Marine Bands, have been recognized at four horizons. The Thornhill Basin developed under an extensional regime as a result of dextral displacement on structures of Caledonoid (NE–SW) trend. However, intermittent normal dip-slip displacement on these faults caused uplift of the Southern Uplands, relative to the Midland Valley and Northumberland Basin, resulting in limited Dinantian sedimentation and only intermittent marine access during the Namurian. More sustained subsidence occurred during Westphalian time. Late Carboniferous to early Permian rifts along re-activated NW–SE-trending faults acted as foci for basaltic volcanicity prior to the deposition of sheetflood breccias and accumulation of desert dune sands. Oxidation beneath the late Carboniferous to early Permian land surface was responsible for reddening of the Coal Measures and replacement of coal.
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