Depersonalization/derealization disorder: a comprehensive theoretical formulation

The present work shows the development of a comprehensive theoretical formulation for its application in the study of the internal flow of pressure-swirl atomizers with helical channels: “screw-conveyer”, which are characterized by presenting in their inlet channels, an angle of incidence or helix angle ψ. This angle originates a trigonometric factor (cosψ) that must be considered in the geometrical characteristics parameter of pressure-swirl atomizer (Ah), which consequently involves other geometric parameters, such as the annular section coefficient (φ), discharge coefficient (Cd), spray angle (2α), etc., being relevant in the internal flow study and design of the pressure-swirl atomizers type screw-conveyer. This theoretical formulation integrates an internal ideal flow model (Abramovich theory) with a model that considers the influence of the liquid viscosity (Kliachko theory) and hydraulic resistance of Idelchik. For the validation of this theoretical formulation, numerical simulation was used, considering the commercial software Ansys Fluent 2023 R2 furthermore, hexahedral meshes were generated with the ICEM CFD software 2023, for four cases of helix angle ψ (15°, 30°, 45° and 60°), with application of the RNG k-ε turbulence model and VOF multiphase model (volume of fluid) for the location of the liquid-gas interface and spray angle visualization.

Delusions are often prominent symptoms in schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Despite the central descriptive importance of delusions, there is a paucity of comprehensive reviews, theoretical formulations, and empirical evaluations in this area. Research and theoretical work pertinent to delusions are reviewed with particular emphasis on current findings in the neurobiological, cognitive, and information-processing literature. Research on delusional thought seen in various psychiatric disorders is reviewed and integrated with critical aspects of schizophrenia research. Consideration of three factors may help in understanding delusional thought processes. These factors are state-trait variables, perseverative thought, and cognitive functional integrity.

During the second half of the 18(superscript th) century, conditions of musical life in major European centers underwent a fundamental transformation in which there arose new bourgeois, public audiences for performances of music. This paper explores the rise of the musical public from the perspective of the comprehensive theoretical formulation of the notion of public presented in Jurgen Habermas' Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962). It applies this formulation to the complex case of Austria (and in particular to Vienna), a nation avoided by Habermas who preferred to use Germany, France, and England to illustrate his arguments. His conception of a new educated class engaging in literate debate offers a valuable model for understanding the Enlightenment ideals of liberty and tolerance. However, this model fits uncomfortably with late 18(superscript th) century Vienna, one of the locales most closely associated with the Enlightenment during its later phases. Both the correspondences with Habermas' characterization of public and the divergences from it underscore the need to formulate careful definitions of ”public” and of related notions such as ”public concert” with respect to musical life in Vienna. In particular, the continuing strong influence of the Church and the aristocracy and the absence of a developed humanistic tradition resulted in a peculiarly Austrian Enlightenment, one marked by greater ambivalence than is suggested by Habermas' model. Taking into account aspects of performance practice, audiences, and criticism, this paper investigates the ”public” character of a musical culture sometimes regarded as exemplifying the new publicness of the late 18(superscript th) century.

The insulation in a DC cable is subjected to both thermal and electric stress at the same time. While the electric stress is generic to the cable, the temperature rise in the insulation is, by and large, due to the ohmic losses in the conductor. The consequence of this synergic effect is to reduce the maximum operating voltage and causes a premature failure of the cable. The authors examine this subject in some detail and propose a comprehensive theoretical formulation relating the maximum thermal voltage (MTV) to the physical and geometrical parameters of the insulation. The heat flow patterns and boundary conditions considered by the authors here and those found in earlier literature are provided. The MTV of a DC cable is shown to be a function of the load current apart from the resistance of the insulation. The results obtained using the expressions, developed by the authors, are compared with relevant results published in the literature and found to be in close conformity

The author contrasts the classical psychoanalytic perspective on the relationship between culture, especially race, and transference with interpersonal and relational models. Recent developments in contemporary psychoanalytic theory provide a more comprehensive theoretical formulation of the relationship between culture, the unconscious, and the interpersonal field. The author takes the position that culture is an essential aspect of the transference-countertransference field, rather than something to peel away or move past in order to reach more deeply laden conflicts. Cultural transference-countertransference is constructed by patient and analyst together, and reflects interpersonal relations as well as internalized self-object representations. Transference-countertransference enactments between patient and analyst are conceived as embodying aspects of the historical relations between their respective cultures. While transference may have intrapsychic origins in the form of internalized self-object relations, it may also be a manifestation of a patient's sociocultural roots and family-of-origin's cultural heritage, including relationships to the dominant group. The author examines these ideas from a treatment between a white therapist and a black patient.

The mathematician and the biologist have an almost inevitable confrontation in the formulation of a model for any biological situation, for, whereas the biologist will plobably begin with the actual and complex set of facts that he has observed or otherwise become aware of, the mathematician is likely to be looking for an idealized model capable of theoretical investigation. This kind of dilemma has become more obvious as the use of mathematics has moved from the physical to the biological (and also to the social) sciences, and 1 do not believe that there is a facile answer. It is quite natural for an experimental or observational scientist to list a large collection of facts that should be taken into account in any comprehensive theoretical formulation; but the purpose of the latter is to understand and interpret the facts, and the mathematician is sometimes able to give insight by a study of idealized and over-simplified models, which are more complicated in their behaviour than is often realized. Until we can understand the properties of these simple models, how can we begin to understand the more complicated real situations? There is plenty of scope for variety of approach, but I would urge that critical criteria of success be employed wherever possible. These include the extent to which: (i) known facts are accounted for; (ii) greater insight and understanding are achieved of the biological situation being studied; (iii) the theory or model can correctly predict the future pattern, even under different conditions from those pertaining to the current observed data.

Until quite recently the only serious effort to develop a comprehensive theoretical formulation of the science of data processing, apart from purely linguistic considerations, has been the establishment of the theory of automata in the framework of mathematical logic. Although having undoubted intrinsic merit, this study has rarely, if ever, provided insights into the practical, day-to-day problem of applied data processing. This situation may not persist forever, but it is clear that, at present, a large gap exists between the abstract machine of theory and the real machine of the shop. Many specific problem areas, of course, have seen considerable analysis of a theoretical nature. Examples would include the sorting problem and the compiling problem. Certainly one major aspect of the subject, numerical computation, has been under intensive development since the time of Gauss. In none of these cases, however, has there been a serious search for unifying principles. In view of the current efforts to define programming languages which include the ability to prescribe complex processes, this absence of a coherent theory of such processes is deplorable.

Inertial microfluidics-based devices have recently attracted much interest and attention due to their simple structure, high throughput, fast processing and low cost. They have been utilised in a wide range of applications in microtechnology, especially for sorting and separating microparticles. This novel class of microfluidics-based devices works based on intrinsic forces, which cause microparticles to migrate laterally and locate at their equilibrium positions. In this article, a comprehensive theoretical formulation is presented for the dynamics of ultrasmall particles in microfluidics-based devices. Explicit expressions are presented for various important forces, which act on a microparticle, such as drag, Magnus, Saffman and wall-induced forces. In addition, the drag coefficient, diffusion phenomenon and Peclet number are formulated. Finally, the influences of particle size, as a crucial parameter, on various intrinsic forces including drag, Magnus and Saffman forces as well as the wall-induced force, are investigated. It is found that the drag, wall-induced and Saffman forces have an important role to play in the dynamics of microparticles in inertial microfluidics while the effects of Magnus force and diffusion can be ignored in most applications.

The Gulf Coast region of the United States is underlain by deeply buried sandstone reservoirs containing low salinity water at abnormal pressures and elevated temperatures. In addition, the water is believed to contain significant amounts of dissolved natural gas. This geothermal resource, if present in sufficient recoverable quantities, has great energy producing potential and is located in one of the nation's major energy consuming areas. Dorfman and Kehle estimate the energy contained within the geopressured aquifers of Texas may be as much as 20,000 MW centuries excluding the natural gas. A comprehensive theoretical formulation is presented for the important thermomechanical processes presented for the important thermomechanical processes operative in a geopressured geothermal reservoir. The formulation includes the effects of four major drive mechanisms (pore fluid compressibility, reservoir rock compaction, the evolution of dissolved natural gas and the influx of water from adjacent shale formations) expected to be operative during the productive life of the reservoir. Finite difference productive life of the reservoir. Finite difference techniques were used to solve the governing equations describing mass conservation, momentum and energy transport for two flowing phases in a multidimensional heterogeneous reservoir. Constitutive equations were used to describe the changes of fluid properties and reservoir parameters with changes in reservoir pressure and temperature. A series of test calculations pressure and temperature. A series of test calculations were performed to assess the sensitivity of reservoir performance to the gas in solution, sediment compaction performance to the gas in solution, sediment compaction and the reinjection of waste fluids. Based on these calculations, it is concluded that sediment compaction and water from interbedded shales can be significant depletion drive mechanisms in geopressured aquifers. The natural gas drive will probably not exceed the water expansion unless there is a significant initial gas saturation. Costs permitting, reinjection of produced fluids into geopressured geothermal aquifers will be desirable to both increase the recovery of thermal energy and natural gas. Introduction Geothermal energy is presently a small but viable contributor to the United States' energy supply. In addition to known areas of geothermal reserves in the western United States, a unique form of potential geothermal energy exists at moderate to great depths in geopressured aquifers underlying the United States Gulf Coast. Water from such geopressured aquifers often contains natural gas in solution. The geothermal water may be converted into electrical energy after lowering the pressure to extract the natural gas content. Moreover, the fact that temperatures in geothermal reservoirs change very little with time makes geothermal geopressured reservoirs a potentially attractive source of geothermal energy, as there may exist sufficient pressure in these reservoirs to deliver substantial amounts of fluid. The northern shoreline of the Gulf of Mexico extends more than 1,000 miles, from the Rio Grande River to the Florida panhandle. Underlying a large portion of this shoreline area, both onshore and offshore, in a strip 200 to 300 miles wide axe clastic sedimentary deposits of great thickness. The penetration of sands into underlying muds as a result of continuing deposition or faulting resulted in isolation of large sand members from continuous permeability channels to the overlying strata. Above the intervals thus isolated, pressure throughout the basin approximate 0.465 psi/ft. This is considered normal hydrostatic pressure based on the fluid pressures exerted by a column of saline water. However, beneath the normally pressured zones the isolated units of shales and sands contain pressures far greater than normal. These abnormally pressures far greater than normal. These abnormally pressured zones are now commonly referred to as pressured zones are now commonly referred to as geopressured zones. Dickey and Dorfman and Kehle state that the generation of geopressure is primarily the result of compaction phenomena. Newly deposited sediments have high porosities and axe saturated with water.

Regarded as a promising alternative to spatially shaping matter, time-varying media can be seized to control and manipulate wave phenomena, including thermal radiation. Here, based upon the framework of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics, we elaborate a comprehensive quantum theoretical formulation that lies the basis for investigating thermal emission effects in time-modulated media. Our theory unveils unique physical features brought about by time-varying media: nontrivial correlations between fluctuating electromagnetic currents at different frequencies and positions, thermal radiation overcoming the black-body spectrum, and quantum vacuum amplification effects at finite temperature. We illustrate how these features lead to striking phenomena and innovative thermal emitters, specifically, showing that the time-modulation releases strong field fluctuations confined within epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) bodies, and that, in turn, it enables a narrowband (partially coherent) emission spanning the whole range of wavevectors, from near to far-field regimes.

Reply to the ‘Comments on: Concerning dispersion relations for the magnetotelluric impedance tensor’ By G. D. Egbert

Abstract: A comprehensive theoretical formulation has been developed to investigate the impact of compression on solid materials' volume thermal expansion coefficient. The volume thermal coefficient depends solely on three key factors: the pressure that varies with compression, the material's bulk modulus at zero pressure, and the first derivative of the bulk modulus concerning pressure at zero pressure. To validate this theoretical approach, computed values obtained from the formulation are meticulously compared with available experimental data. The results reveal a strong correlation between the calculated values and experimental observations, thereby demonstrating the robustness and accuracy of the proposed formulation in describing the behaviour of solids under compression. Keywords: Equation of state, Volume thermal expansion coefficient, Compression, hcp-iron

The first comprehensive theoretical formulation of the way people use information they receive about their social environments to make judgments and behavioral decisions, this volume focuses on the cognitive processes that underlie the use of social information. These include initial interpretation, the representations used to make inferences, and the transformation of these subjective inferences into overt judgment and behavior. In addition, it specifies the role of affect and emotion in information processing, and the role of self-knowledge at different stages of processing. The theoretical model presented here is the first to provide a conceptual integration of existing theory and research in all phases of social information processing. It not only accounts for the major portion of existing research findings, but permits several hypotheses to be generated concerning phenomena that have not yet been empirically investigated. Although focused here on the processing of information about people and events, the formulation proposed has implications for other domains such as personnel appraisal, political decision making, and consumer behavior.

This study examined whether specific emotion-related constructs may be uniquely related to anxious or depressive symptoms in youth. Although anxiety and depression are comorbid in both youth and adult populations, delineation of these disorders is a worthwhile endeavor given that such differentiation may lead to a clearer conceptualization of the disorders that in turn may facilitate more efficient diagnosis and effective treatment. Children in the 4th and 5th grades (N = 187; M age = 10 years, 3 months) completed measures to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression and emotion-related functioning. Using structural equation modeling, emotion-related variables were identified that were common to both anxiety and depression (poor emotion awareness, emotion dysregulation, poor emotion regulation coping, high frequency of negative affect), most strongly related to depression (low frequency of positive affect), and most distinctly associated with anxiety (frequency of emotion experience, somatic response to emotion activation). The findings suggest that comprehensive theoretical formulations of anxiety and depression in youth should consider emotion-related variables. The results also suggest potential avenues that may facilitate more efficient assessment and treatment of such youth.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessDisorders of Simulation: Malingering, Factitious Disorders, and Compensation NeurosisPhillip J. Resnick, M.D.Phillip J. ResnickSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Apr 2003https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.4.580AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail The central thesis of Disorders of Simulation: Malingering, Factitious Disorders, and Compensation Neurosis is that disorders of simulation are legitimate syndromes. The book suggests that patients who suffer from disorders of simulation should be considered to have a bona fide problem, "one deserving of mental health attention, understanding, analysis, and treatment." The author rejects circumstances. He takes the position that individuals do not simulate merely for compensation but rather "to solve complex psychological and interpersonal issues."Dr. Hutchinson, a neuropsychologist, is critical of the traditionally viewed motives for malingering, such as the acquisition of money, because such motives do not directly address what he sees as the central motivational issue: developmental object relations capacity. Hutchinson believes that to be eligible for a diagnosis of simulation, the patient's object relational capacity must be "prerapprochement" and the patient must have either a personality disorder or "very significant personality traits."Disorders of Simulation gives a good historical overview of malingering and an excellent description of active aggression and passive aggression among simulators. The book also contains a useful discussion of the dangers of diagnosing malingering on the basis of ordinary variation in reporting of symptoms.The book uses DSM-IV definitions of malingering and factitious disorder, but the author unfortunately resurrects the term "compensation neurosis" as an intermediate disorder. He acknowledges that this term is not an accurate description and states that it "should not be taken literally because it is not simply motivated by compensation, just as it is not a neurosis."The book has several weaknesses. The author creates a complex set of terms to explain his theory, such as "generative control," "functional resurgence," and "symbiotic motivation." Some of these terms are confusing, because words that have ordinary meanings are given special ones.Sometimes the language in this book is not easy to digest. For example, "The dimension of consciousness is therefore best avoided in operational definitions, although it may be fruitfully applied as a molar concept of final judgment, but is contingent upon synthesis of molecular data such as clinical behavior samples, process test observations, records review, interdisciplinary consultation, and the results of standardized assessment."Disorders of Simulation is based on theory rather than any empirical data. Nonetheless, Hutchinson offers numerous conclusions. For example, he suggests that compensation neurosis has the best prognosis of any disorder of simulation and that malingering is an episodic condition that may be in evidence throughout the patient's life span.The book contains occasional errors. For example, the author incorrectly refers to the historical concept of "moral insanity" as insanity due to delusions. He describes a link between antisocial personality and malingering, but studies do not show any empirical support for such a link (1,2).Disorders of Simulation will not be particularly helpful to the forensic clinician who is seeking to improve skills in detecting malingering. In these times of evidence-based psychiatry, this is not a book you could use to defend your opinion in court. However, Dr. Hutchinson does a thorough job of discussing simulation in multiple contexts and provides a new, comprehensive theoretical formulation. I recommend this book to clinicians who are seeking a cohesive psychodynamic way to think about disorders of simulation.Dr. Resnick is professor of psychiatry at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.by Grant L. Hutchinson, Ph.D.; Madison, Connecticut, Psychosocial Press, 2001, 287 pages, $26.95 softcover