Abstract
A number of studies have shown that the greater the genetic diversity of parental lines, the greater the heterosis effect. Genetic or phenotypic variation can be estimated by genotype testing on the basis of the observations obtained through prediction (a priori) or the observations and studies (a posteriori). The first method uses data such as the genealogy of a given subject and the information about its geographical origin. The second method is based on the phenotypic observation and studies, as well as on the molecular research. The development of molecular genetics and genotype testing methods at the DNA level has made it possible to rapidly assess the genetic variability regardless of the modifying effect of the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the degree of relatedness and the DNA polymorphism (determined using AFLP, RAPD, and SSR markers) of inbred maize lines and the effect of hybrid-form heterosis. Our analysis demonstrated that the parental components for heterosis crosses can be selected on the basis of the genetic similarity determined using the molecular SSR markers and the Jaccard, Kluczyński, Nei, and Rogers coefficients. Molecular AFLP markers proved less useful for selecting the parental components, but may be used to group lines with incomplete origin data. In the case of the RAPD markers, no clear relationship between genetic distance and the heterosis effect was found in this study.
Highlights
Maize is at present the most important cereal plant in the world
Detailed data on the size of heterosis effects were included in the table presented in Tomkowiak et al [20], where they were correlated with other molecular markers (SilicoDArT and SNP)
In 2014, the Narew hybrid showed the greatest significant heterosis effect for LC (5.99), LCO (5.32), mass of kernels from the cob (MKC) (111.8), and weight of one thousand kernels (WTK) (146.8), whereas the Popis hybrid showed the greatest effects for number of rows of kernels (NRK) (1.93) and yield (9.79)
Summary
Maize is at present the most important cereal plant in the world. The rapid increase in the global production of maize grain is the result of its versatility, and, high demand. Maize kernels can be used for direct consumption or processed into food products and are a source of starch and oil. Grain is increasingly used for the production of biofuels. High-quality hybrid varieties play a key role in maize farming. Breeding of hybrid varieties often involves the heterosis effect, which generates tangible economic benefits. Maize heterosis breeding is assisted by genomic selection [1,2,3]
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