Dental caries in smokers aged 20–40 years in Mosul City

Decline in dental caries among 12-year-old children in Brazil, 1980–2005

INTRODUCTIONInvestigations to explore the relationship between smoking and its oral manifestations are important to clinicians. Among these oral manifestations, periodontal diseases and dental caries have still a controversial association. This study aims to analyze the effect of smoking on periodontal disease and caries and their relevance to each other.METHODSData on demographic and clinical features were retrieved from 7028 patients. Smoking status was categorized as a smoker, non-smoker, former smoker and passive smoker. Each patient received a diagnosis according to the new classification system for periodontal disease, in which periodontal disease is divides into stages (PS). The carries status was diagnosed by evaluating the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index.RESULTSOf the patients, 66.6% were non-smoker women, whereas 53.7 % of passive smokers were women. Being a worker and having a Bachelor’s degree was associated with a higher likelihood of getting diagnosed with periodontal disease and caries in smokers. Smoking significantly influences periodontal disease severity and DMFT values (p<0.001). This becomes more evident in former smokers by showing the highest severe periodontal problems (PS3: 29.7% and PS4: 18.9%), and the highest DMFT mean (16.4 ± 7.4) Accordingly, persons having high DMFT had significantly the most severe periodontal disease, namely PS4 (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONSSmoking is associated with higher caries prevalence and more severe periodontal disease, and DMFT tend to increase with the severity of periodontitis in the same subjects.

BackgroundCorrectional institution inmates have reduced access to dental care; however, a quantitative assessment of their oral health condition has not yet been performed in South Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dental caries and compare the prevalence of dental caries and associated factors between inmates and the general South Korean population.MethodsThe dental records of two detention centers in South Korea were retrospectively analyzed to assess the clinical oral health condition of inmates using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and self-reported questionnaire. These data were compared with similar data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the general South Korean population.ResultsIn total, 642 inmates were analyzed and compared with 13,345 KNHANES participants in the KNHANES. The inmate and KNHANES groups demonstrated significant intergroup differences, with a higher prevalence of untreated caries, DMFT, decayed teeth (DT), and missing teeth (MT) values among the inmates. The prevalence of untreated caries decreased according to the history of dental pain in the inmate group but increased in the KNHANES group. The decrease in DMFT with a history of dental pain was significant only in the inmate group. Furthermore, self-rated oral health was significantly associated with prevalence of untreated caries, DMFT, DT, MT, and filled teeth (FT) in the inmate group but with prevalence of untreated caries, DMFT, DT, and MT in the KNHANES group. It was found that this is because there is an interaction effect by the group.ConclusionsThe oral health of the inmate group was significantly poorer than that of the general group. Since DMFT, DT, MT, and FT values and prevalence of untreated caries in the inmate group were significantly related to their self-rated oral health, suggesting that self-rated oral health should be incorporated into the dental health screenings of correctional institution inmates.

Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, dynamic disease with early onset. A balanced salivary microbiota is a foundation of oral health, while dysbiosis causes tooth decay. We compared the saliva microbiota profiles in children with and without caries. The study consisted of 617 children aged 9–12 years from the Finnish Health in Teens (Fin-HIT) study with available register data on oral health. Caries status was summarised based on Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index in permanent dentition. The children were then classified into the following two groups: DMFT value ≥ 1 was considered as cavitated caries lesions (hereafter called ‘caries’) (n = 208) and DMFT = 0 as ‘cavity free’ (n = 409). Bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 regions) was amplified using PCR and sequenced by Illumina HiSeq. The mean age (SD) of the children was 11.7 (0.4) years and 56% were girls. The children had relatively good dental health with mean DMFT of 0.86 (1.97). Since sex was the key determinant of microbiota composition (p = 0.014), we focused on sex-stratified analysis. Alpha diversity indexes did not differ between caries and cavity free groups in either sexes (Shannon: p = 0.40 and 0.58; Inverse Simpson: p = 0.51 and 0.60, in boys and girls, respectively); neither did the composition differ between the groups (p = 0.070 for boys and p = 0.230 for girls). At the genus level, Paludibacter and Labrenzia had higher abundances in the caries group compared to cavity free group in both sexes (p < 0.001). Taken together, there were minor differences in saliva microbiota between children with and without caries. Potential biomarkers of caries were the sugar metabolisers Paludibacter and Labrenzia. These bacteria presumably enhance salivary acidification, which contributes to progression of dental caries. The clinical relevance of our findings warrants further studies.

The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of dental caries between crack cocaine users and a control group. The study included 106 participants in each group matched for age, sex, and exposure to tobacco. Crack cocaine users were selected from institutions for the treatment of chemical dependency, and the control group was recruited from a public school and among patients who sought dental care. A calibrated examiner determined dental caries experience [Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index]. The severity of tooth decay was determined using the Significant Caries Index (SiC). The prevalence of dental caries (DMFT ≥ 1) was 96.2 and 81.1% among the crack cocaine users and nonusers, respectively. Crack users had higher mean DMFT values (7.16 versus 4.92) for the decayed and missing components as well as a higher percentage of individuals with highly severe caries compared to nonusers. After the adjustments in the multivariate model, the prevalence of caries was 18% higher among the crack users (prevalence ratio: 1.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.30). Age, family income, crack cocaine use, and dental calculus were associated with the occurrence of dental caries. In conclusion, the prevalence of caries was higher among the crack users compared with the control group and remained associated with dental caries in the multivariate analysis.

Profuse epidemiological evidence supports a higher risk for coronary heart disease and stroke in smoker women than in men with the same habit. Although it is already known that cigarette smoking alters the redox state, is unknown if the imbalance in the normal equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants is responsible for the elevated female susceptibility. Therefore, the aim of this work was to estimate the effect of smoking on serum redox status in women compared with men, accounting for divergences in other major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Lipid profile, antioxidant capacity, and serum carbonyls were assessed in 116 healthy Uruguayans, composed by 50 females and 66 males. The smoking habit was declared by 17 females (34 %) and 36 males (54 %). The lipid profile was modified by cigarette smoking, affecting in a different way males and females. In particular, HDL-C that was higher in non-smoker females (59 (28) mg/dL) than in non-smoker males (46 (14) mg/dL) significantly decreased in smoker females (51 (13) mg/dL), remaining unchanged in the smoker male population (42 (12) mg/dL). Conversely LDL-C, which gave similar values for non-smoker females (110.1 ± 35.2 mg/dL) and males (98.5 ± 36.0 mg/dL), increased exclusively in smoker males (122.2 ± 36.4 mg/dL, p<0.05). In turn, the level of serum antioxidants that was higher in non-smoker males (1.9  0.3 mM FRAP) than females (1.5  0.4 mM /FRAP), remained unchanged in smokers. Similar results were obtained for carbonyls, which showed higher levels in non-smoker males (0.90 ± 0.32 nmol/mg of protein) than females (0.74 ± 0.32 nmol/mg of protein), and while the level remained unmodified in smokers males (0.86  0.28 nmol/mg of protein) increased non-significantly in smoker females (0.79  0.31 nmol/mg of protein). Whereas the oxidation index correlated positively with LDL-C (r = 0.45) in smoker males, and with triglycerides in both non-smoker and smoker females(r = 0.42 and 0.79, respectively), a negative and intense correlation with HDL-C (r = -0.79), and a positive one with the LDL-C/HDL-C index (r = 0.87) was observed exclusively in smoker females. Our results point to an association at the molecular level between oxidative stress footprints and plasma lipoprotein/cholesterol concentration predominantly in smoker females, and support the concept that the higher sensitivity of women to smoking related cardiovascular pathology is associated with oxidants-mediated biomolecular insults.

Salivary flow rate and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) in female patients with schizophrenia on chlorpromazine therapy

Background: Dental caries is the most common disease among the spectrum of oral diseases and is still a major public health burden in developing countries, affecting 60-90% of school children. To obtain a database about the dental caries prevalence among the school children in Chennai city, 2017-2018.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 2300 school children aged between 3 to 17 years in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Dental caries was recorded using World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and DMFT indices. Chi square test was done to assess the comparison between primary and mixed and mixed and permanent. DMFT and DMFT indices had extreme values, hence ‘0’ was set as median value and median test was applied.Results: The present study showed a higher prevalence of dental caries in primary (40.17%), mixed (‘d’ 33.02% and ‘D’ 38.8%) and permanent dentition (51.06%). The filled component is less with 0.85% in primary, 2.20% in mixed ‘f’, 0.58% in mixed ‘F’, and 2.98% in permanent dentition. The mean ‘DMFT’ in primary dentition is 1.32, mixed dentition mean ‘DMFT’ is 0.84, mixed dentition mean ‘DMFT’ is 0.96 and in permanent dentition mean DMFT is 1.57. Dental caries prevalence was found to be significantly more in males when compared to females.Conclusions: There is a higher prevalence of dental caries among school children in all three groups and this data can be used to plan preventive programmes to improve the oral health of this children.

Dental caries and body mass index in a sample of 12-year-old eastern Turkish children

Peripheral Blood Flow Changes to Cutaneous and Muscular Beds in Response to Acute Hookah Smoking

Introduction The body mass index (BMI) helps assess weight and height. Tooth decay is a multifactorial and infectious disease that causes demineralization of the teeth and has a high worldwide prevalence. The study aimed to evaluate the association between the body mass index (BMI) and the decay, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) in schoolchildren from the Bellavista parish, Cuenca, Ecuador. Methods A cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted. Data regarding age, sex, weight, and height, were collected from 426 school children in the Bellavista parish, according to WHO standards. Results The whole sample mean of BMI was 20.91 (SD 4.2) and the mean DMFT was 2.44(SD 2.3). The analysis conducted using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, did not show a significant association between BMI and the DMFT index (p=0.648). When segmented by sex, no relevant differences were found with (p=0.634 for males; p=0.420 for females). Despite the lack of statistical significance, it was observed that schoolchildren who were underweight were the most affected by dental caries with DMFT value of 2.88 (DS 1.73) while obese were the less affected by dental caries with DMFT 2.00(SD 1.98). Conclusion There is no association between DMFT and BMI.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between cariogenic bacterial infection and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes associated with dental caries, and to explore the factors related to caries in children. Children aged 3 to 11 years were selected. Detection of cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus) from the plaque of each patient, and SNP analyses of five candidate genes (MBL2, TAS2R38, GLUT2, MMP13 and CA6) were performed using DNA isolated from buccal mucosal cells. The dental caries experience in primary and permanent teeth was determined using the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, and the effects of the observed factors on the DMFT value were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the DMFT value significantly increased in the presence of S. mutans or S. sobrinus (p < 0.001), while the dmft/DMFT value decreased in the presence of nucleobase C in MBL2 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the MBL2 gene is related to the pathogenesis of dental caries.

The study aimed to relate a number of factors to the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) in 12- and 15-yr-olds examined and interviewed in 1993 and 2001. A total of 1250 children in 1993 and 935 in 2001 were clinically examined and completed a detailed questionnaire on dental health-related topics. Factors were related to the DMFT count applying multiple regression analysis. From 1993 to 2001, the mean DMFT decreased approximately 30% in both age cohorts. Despite an observed improvement in dental health in Lithuanian children, the number of Lithuanian children reporting frequent sugar consumption, brushing teeth irregularly and visiting the dentist only in case of emergency was still high compared with Western countries. The DMFT values were related to the fluoride content in the drinking water, oral hygiene, residency and year of examination.

The aim of the study was to analyze polymorphism of the MUC7 gene and its correlation with the DMFT value and the Plaque Control Record by O'Leary. The study was carried out on 158 students of a faculty of dentistry in Poland. Students were subjected to a clinical oral examination. The status of caries was determined using the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) value. The status of dental hygiene was examined by the Plaque Control Record (PCR Plaque Index by O'Leary T, Drake R, Naylor, 1972) index. Sherlock AX, a universal kit for DNA isolation from biological tracks (A&A BIOTECHNOLOGY), was used for DNA isolation. VNTR polymorphism in the MUC7 gene was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of the MUC7*6/*6 genotype was definitely higher than MUC7*5/*6. The distribution of prevalence of MUC7*6/*6 and MUC7*5/*6 in the control group was similar to another. The distribution of the value of the DMFT index in the group examined with MUC7*6/*6 was similar to the group with MUC7*5/*6. Statistical analysis did not show a significant correlation between genotypes of the MUC7 gene and DMFT and the Plaque Control Record index. This study does not show a correlation between the MUC7 genotypes and caries and oral hygiene of students.

Objective: Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of graphic health warnings on different population segments, including male and female smokers, in an effort to reduce health disparities in Europe and the USA. However, research exploring the impact of gender-specific tobacco control interventions on Asian smokers is lacking. This study aimed to assess the perceived effectiveness of graphic health warning images featuring women smokers compared to gender-neutral warnings on South Korean women and men, by smoking status. Setting: Online survey with 1,200 adults (500 women; 475 smokers) in South Korea Design: A survey with four graphic health warnings (two female-focused and two gender-neutral warnings). Method: Participants were assigned to view two female-focused warnings (depicting smoking during pregnancy and risk of premature skin aging) or two gender-neutral warnings (depicting lung cancer and oral cancer), and rated their effectiveness in terms of persuading smokers to quit smoking and non-smokers to not begin smoking. Results: A significant interaction between gender and smoking status was found with the pregnancy warning. A post hoc comparison showed a significant difference between female smokers and female non-smokers, between male smokers and male non-smokers, and between female non-smokers and male non-smokers in their perceptions of warning effectiveness. Female non-smokers showed higher perceived effectiveness than male non-smokers and female smokers. Male non-smokers rated its perceived effectiveness lower than male smokers. Regarding the gender-neutral warnings, a participant’s age affected their perceived effectiveness of the cancer warnings. Conclusion: Findings suggest that graphic health warnings of smoking during pregnancy are perceived more effective by female non-smokers than female smokers and male non-smokers. Gender-neutral warnings with cancer images are perceived differently by age group. Future studies need to examine how social and cultural factors surrounding female smokers in South Korea affect their perceptions about female-focused warnings and the effects of the warnings on their motivation to quit smoking.