Abstract
BackgroundTo determine if outdoor advertising density for non-alcoholic drinks, food, tobacco products, and alcohol, is associated with neighborhood poverty or other Census-level characteristics in New York City (NYC).MethodsFrom June – July of 2015, photographs were taken of all street-level, stationary outdoor advertising (posters, stickers, decals, etc.) for consumable products in a sample of 953 NYC retail-dense street segments. Density of product images was analyzed by neighborhood poverty level and other characteristics using multivariate negative-binomial regression.ResultsA total of 16,305 discrete advertisements displaying 50,673 product images were photographed. Total product image prevalence relative to retail density was not significantly higher in high- vs. low-poverty neighborhoods, as hypothesized (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.77). However, total product image prevalence was higher in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Black residents (OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.12), and for sugary drinks in areas with a higher percentage of adults with <HS diploma (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.58).ConclusionsProduct images were abundant throughout NYC’s retail-dense areas, with marginally greater prevalence by some Census-level demographics, irrespective of the content displayed.
Highlights
To determine if outdoor advertising density for non-alcoholic drinks, food, tobacco products, and alcohol, is associated with neighborhood poverty or other Census-level characteristics in New York City (NYC)
When advertising is for unhealthy products, it can contribute to consumption of these products [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], which are associated with a number of chronic diseases and negative health outcomes [9]
Using NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (Health Department) guidance to define neighborhood poverty [19], street segments were considered lowpoverty if fewer than 10% of residents lived below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL), medium-poverty if 10 to < 20% of residents lived below the FPL, and high-poverty if 20% or more of residents lived below the FPL
Summary
To determine if outdoor advertising density for non-alcoholic drinks, food, tobacco products, and alcohol, is associated with neighborhood poverty or other Census-level characteristics in New York City (NYC). Density of product images was analyzed by neighborhood poverty level and other characteristics using multivariate negative-binomial regression. When advertising is for unhealthy products (e.g., sugary drinks, tobacco products, and alcohol), it can contribute to consumption of these products [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], which are associated with a number of chronic diseases and negative health outcomes [9]. A more detailed review of extant literature is presented in Additional file 1
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