Abstract
In this paper, from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics, we have studied the mechanism of balancing the densification and grain growth via cosintering the micron and nanopowders, also known as self-assembly sintering. In the experiment, the 200-nm and 80-nm BaTiO3 spherical powders were used as models for combination and cosintering. In terms of thermodynamics, the contact angle method is applied to determine the free energy of the binary particle size system. The surface free energy of 200-nm and 80-nm BaTiO3 powders is 51.66 J/mol and 203.47 J/mol, respectively. When the powder ratio is 1:1, the surface free energy of the binary particle size system is 127.56 J/mol, which is the reason for the balance between densification and grain growth. In terms of kinetics, the Arrhenius equation was utilized to calculate the apparent activation energy (Q) of the binary particle size system. The results show that the value of Q is 360 kJ/mol at 1000 °C. The fine-grained ceramics with high relative density obtained by this sintering method at a low sintering temperature (1000 °C) can be explained by the relative low value of Q.
Highlights
Fine-grained ceramics with high relative density have attracted the attention of researchers due to their excellent mechanical properties, high breakdown field strength, excellent dielectric properties and good energy storage properties [1,2,3,4,5]
From the perspective of energy saving and convenience, it is of great significance to develop a sintering method that can be used under normal conditions in order to obtain fine-grained ceramics with high relative density [13,14,15]
We presented a way to study the mechanism of controlling the synthesis of BaTiO3 dense and fine-grained ceramics by the binary particle size sintering method at a relative low temperature (1000 °C). 2
Summary
Fine-grained ceramics with high relative density have attracted the attention of researchers due to their excellent mechanical properties, high breakdown field strength, excellent dielectric properties and good energy storage properties [1,2,3,4,5]. X Y Zhai et al [23] and Q Jin et al [24] have achieved indium tin oxide (ITO) and BaTiO3 fine-grained ceramics with high relative density under conventional sintering conditions, respectively. They considered that this method is similar to the self-assembly process of colloidal crystal, and named this way as a self-assembly sintering method [24]. We presented a way to study the mechanism of controlling the synthesis of BaTiO3 dense and fine-grained ceramics by the binary particle size sintering method at a relative low temperature (1000 °C). For emission transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, the ceramics were polished by a fine grade of sandpaper, diamond abrasives and argon-ion beam milling (Precision Ion Polishing System 691, Gatan), respectively
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