Abstract
Hantaviruses are widespread zoonotic pathogens found around the globe. Depending on their geographical location, hantaviruses can cause two human syndromes, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). HPS and HFRS have many commonalities amongst which excessive activation of immune cells is a prominent feature. Hantaviruses replicate in endothelial cells (ECs), the major battlefield of hantavirus-induced pathogenesis, without causing cytopathic effects. This indicates that a misdirected response of human immune cells to hantaviruses is causing damage. As dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate antiviral immune responses, they are in the focus of research analysing hantavirus-induced immunopathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the interplay between hantaviruses and DCs and the immunological consequences thereof.
Highlights
In 1973, Ralph Steinman and Zanvil Cohn published their discovery of a novel cell type, which they called dendritic cell [1]
dendritic cells (DCs) are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) that includes monocytes and macrophages. These cells were originally grouped together because monocytes were regarded as the precursor cells of macrophages and DCs [4]. This perception has become more nuanced over time, and we know that whereas monocytes can develop into cell types with similarities to macrophages and DCs, most macrophages undergo self-renewal whereas classical DCs are continuously generated from precursor cells that are distinct from monocytes [4]
follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are localized in follicles of the B-cell zone of lymphoid tissue [26] but are not related to leucocyte DCs, they can retain antigen and virions for a long time [34].The permissivity of DCs for Old World hantaviruses was first demonstrated in vitro by infecting DCs from various sources with HTNV [35]
Summary
In 1973, Ralph Steinman and Zanvil Cohn published their discovery of a novel cell type, which they called dendritic cell [1]. DCs are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) that includes monocytes and macrophages These cells were originally grouped together because monocytes were regarded as the precursor cells of macrophages and DCs [4]. Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) denotes a group of zoonotic human diseases that are caused by different RNA viruses including hantaviruses [5,6]. Pathogenic hantaviruses elicit an immune response in humans that provides antiviral defence mechanisms, and contributes to virus-induced immunopathogenesis and possibly viral dissemination [19,20]. Hantaviruses, like other VHF viruses, target DCs and other cells of the MPS for replication, dissemination and shielding from immune attack [21]. We review the role of DCs in hantaviral immunopathogenesis
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