Abstract
Discussions of the prospects for expanded freedom in the Arab world often invoke Egypt as a leading candidate for gradual political reform. 1 The country's intermediate level of economic development, its extensive array of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and its multiparty system all seem to favor a democratic future. President Hosni Mubarak himself recently claimed that Egypt enjoys "all kinds of democracy." But the truth of the matter is that participation and pluralism are now at lower levels than at any time since Mubarak assumed the presidency in the wake of Anwar Sadat's assassination 21 years ago. 2 After a tenuous period of political opening in the 1980s and very early 1990s, the regime has progressively limited opportunities for the dispersal of power beyond the president, let alone for an actual alternation in power.
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