Abstract
These are hard times for liberal democracy. On 24 February 2022 an electoral autocracy, Russia, invaded an electoral democracy, Ukraine, and swore to wipe its sovereignty off the face of the earth—the consequences need no elaboration here. On the same day the V-Dem Institute published its annual review of the global state of democracy; it made grim reading: ‘The level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen is down to 1989 levels’—thirty years of democratic advance have been wiped out. ‘Dictatorships are on the rise and harbor 70% of the world population—5.4 billion people’; 26 per cent of the world’s population live in closed autocracies and ‘electoral autocracy [is] the most common regime type and harbors 44% of the world’s population—3.4 billion people’.
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