Abstract
A 15-year-old boy, whose history revealed an unremarkable pregnancy, birth and neonatal period and who had shown a normal motor and mental development, presented at the hospital with deterioration of cognitive functions since the age of 7. He was bedridden with manifest ataxia involving all limbs, anisocoria and a sluggish to absent pupil reaction to light. Syphilis serology was positive with a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titer of 1:256 and a Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA) titer of 1:163840. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration was 55 mg/dl and CSF-leucocyte count was 14/mm3 (85% mononuclear cells). CSF-VDRL-titer was 1:16. A diagnosis of congenitally acquired dementia paralytica was made, since the boy's parents' clinical exam and serology results were suggestive for latent syphilis. Although cognition was still very much deteriorated five months following penicillin treatment, clinical examination revealed partial recuperation. Screening for syphilis should be part of routine testing in every subject presenting with cognitive deterioration, regardless of age.
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