…dem velde breit zû Dorben – Eiliuotosios Livonijos kronikos 5650, 5707, 5740 ir 5741 eilučių vertimo klausimu | … dem velde breit zû Dorben. On the Translation of Lines 5650, 5707, 5740 and 5741 of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle

The topic of this research note is part of a book-length project now in progress, entitled ”Local Religion in North China: the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs,” for which I have been observing, collecting and reading since 2000. Most of my material is about such traditions in Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, with some evidence as well from Shaanxi and other areas. This material indicates that local religion is deeply institutionalized in village and district society, organized and paid for by the people themselves for their own purposes. Those who would like to see a detailed outline of this project can contact me at eodano@shaw.ca. In north China, the most important community rituals are those in honor of the birthdays of local protective deities to invoke their protection for another year, and rituals to petition for rain. These rituals are organized and carried out by village leaders in cooperation with those who have specific ritual duties and roles, such as yinyang masters, zhuli; those in overall charge of the rituals, such as xiangtou (incense heads), spiritmediums, etc.; as well as specialized participants, such as tingshi, weishi, qianhang, and shenjia, respectively bearers of images and offerings for them, bearers of ritual umbrellas to protect the offerings, leaders of opera troupes, and leaders of ”godly families” who recite the names of the gods. These ritualists begin practicing for their roles weeks or months before the ceremonies begin. There is evidence for the participation in some vil-lage rituals of Buddhist monks and Daoist priests, but for the most part the leaders in these rituals are lay people from the village or its surrounding area. Of course, even when priests are present they have been invited by village leaders to perform specific ritual functions. Some Daoists are described as married farmers who live in a local temple. It is possible that more clergy were involved in the past, but many of the monasteries and temples in which they would have lived have been destroyed, particularly since the late 19th century. This research note will describe the roles and activities of local ritual leaders by geographical areas and types of ceremonies, and note their contributions to the order, structure, and inner logic of community festivals.

La demografia delle popolazioni isolate. Una nota di ricerca su una comunita di lingua tedesca in una valle del nord Italia tra il XVIII e il XIX secolo Questo contributo si concentra sulla valle alpina del Fersina nell'Italia nord-orientale. Durante il periodo studiato, la valle era isolata da barriere linguistiche e geografiche, con la coabitazione di due gruppi linguistici separati - italiani e tedeschi. Dopo aver esplorato i principali indicatori demografici relativi all'intera valle, abbiamo considerato il regime nuziale e di fecondita della comunita di lingua tedesca, applicando la tecnica di ricostruzione delle famiglie. L’analisi ha mostrato come il livello di sopravvivenza complessivo della valle risultasse superiore al livello standard italiano nella stessa epoca. Inoltre, e stata dimostrata l’esistenza di un’eta relativamente elevata al matrimonio e un basso livello di fecondita, confermando l'esistenza di un regime demografico a bassa pressione. Questi risultati preliminari possono essere inseriti nel piu ampio quadro relativo ai meccanismi regolatori della crescita della popolazione, che storicamente caratterizzavano le aree montane con risorse limitate. The demography of isolated populations. A research note on a German-speaking community in a northern Italian valley between the 18th and 19th century This contribution focuses on the Alpine Valley of the Fersina River in North-eastern Italy. During the period under study, the valley was isolated by linguistic and geographical barriers, while two separated linguistic groups – Italian and German – cohabited. After exploring the main demographic indicators related to the entire valley, we considered the marriage and the fertility pattern of the German-speaking community, applying the family reconstitution technique. The analysis showed that the level of overall survival of the valley was higher than the Italian standard. Furthermore, relatively high age at marriage and low fertility level were demonstrated, confirming the existence of a low pressure demographic regime. These preliminary results can be placed into the wider context of the regulatory mechanisms of population growth, which has historically characterized the mountain’s areas with limited resources. DOI: 10.4424/ps2018-10

This issue is unprecedented in a variety of ways. It has five papers withextremely interesting materials, four Research Notes, four Book Reviews,eight conference/seminar reports, and one letter to the Editor. Its lead articlehas been written by one of our top intellectuals displacing many conventionalnotions to assert that Islamization is a force of global renewal. It is rare thatone reads such a nicely worded, well-argued, and refreshing article.This issue begins with a selection from the Holy Qur'an and commentaryby the AMSS President, AbdulHamid AbuSulayman. These selections alwaysinspire the readers and provide the best framework for conceptualization.The lead article by Mona Abul Fadl of the International Institute of IslamicThought contends, and rightly so, that Tmhidi Episteme is as relevant tomodernity as anything else could be. Following her article are two papersgermane to Islamic thought. In the first, Husain Kassim presents Sarakhsi'sDoctrine of Istihsan as an approach towards Ahkam al-Dunya. In the secondpaper Hakim Rashid deals with the socialization of Muslim children inAmerica. Discounting the dichotomy within and across societies betweenideal and actual behavior in the West, he asserts that acquisition of knowledge,skills and socialization among Muslim children must conform to the Qur'anand Sunnah.The third section on Islamization of Disciplines also presents two papers.In the first one, Mohammad Siddiqui describes an Islamic framework forthe study of interpersonal communication. The other paper, by A. al Tayob,is a review of the religious, political, and social transformation of the Arabsafter the advent of Islam. He compares pre-Islamic Arab societies with MuslimArab societies and states that religio-cultural-political transformation in themwas the expression of the holism of the Qur'an which was capable of underhungthe meaningfulness of the past, thus bridging the gap between past and present.The following section has four Research Notes. Rizwan Malik organizeshis note in two parts. In the first, he discusses the role of the 'Ulama inthe political development of late 19th and early 20th century India. In thesecond, he raises an interesting question concerning whether the role of 'Ulamawas based on Islamic issues or was shaped by its response to British power.In the following note, Marwan Obeidat examines Royal Tyler's Algerine Captive(1797), affirming that such novels and others like them, includmg the accountsof early travellers and missionaries gave a fragmentary and grossly inaccurate ...

Reviewed by: Practice, Judgement, and the Challenge of Moral and Political Disagreement: A Pragmatist Account by Roberto Frega Torjus Midtgarden Roberto Frega. Practice, Judgement, and the Challenge of Moral and Political Disagreement: A Pragmatist Account. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012. 238 pp. Index. Roberto Frega’s Practice, Judgement, and the Challenge of Moral and Political Disagreement is exegetically, as well as systematically, ambitious: it explores several key texts of Charles Peirce and John Dewey in order to develop a pragmatist conception of practical rationality in the context of contemporary moral and political philosophy. Frega’s book differs from other recent comparable contributions, such as those of Cheryl Misak, Eric MacGilvray, and Robert Talisse, by drawing most heavily on Dewey’s works. Yet, similar to Misak, MacGilvray and Talisse, Frega puts pragmatism to the test by applying it to deep moral disagreements in modern societies and does so without relying on facts about American cultural and political history in particular. What is thus proposed is a pragmatist conception of practical rationality that is relevant well beyond the American context and beyond the 19th and 20th century. The book has three parts, and the first turns to Peirce’s and Dewey’s theories of inquiry. Frega explores how Peirce’s classical text “The Fixation of Belief” may serve as the starting point for what he calls “a practice-based conception of rationality”, and for the naturalistic account on which such conception rests, viewing rationality’s ‘evolutionary aim’ to be ‘control over action’ (23). The reading strategy is thus to take Peirce’s notion of inquiry as a valid starting point, with its emphasis on action control, but without taking on board Peirce’s priority of science’s search for truth as the privileged form of belief fixation. It is in Dewey’s theory of inquiry, however, that Frega finds the most satisfactory, naturalistically based idea of practical rationality. The essentials of the theory, Frega points out, is presented already in Dewey’s 1915 essay “The Logic Judgement of Practice” where judgement is taken in a non-representational and holistic sense to concern a ‘situation as a complex whole that includes the agent and his deeds’ (51). Frega shows how judgement cannot be reduced to ‘canonical forms of analysis and synthesis’ (52) but has ‘an articulative and transformative nature’, involving a ‘self-expressive and [End Page 112] self-transformative dimension’ (52). Reasoning has a role to play, but is now seen as ‘the controlling factor that qualifies human agency’ (56) through articulation of a situation, and accomplishing a “(self)transformation” through forming ‘a standard of valuation’ (63) adequate for the situation at stake. The evaluative aspect of judgement, instituting, not merely applying, standards, further concerns how actual or possible consequences of action are assessed: consequences are not simply assessed according to fixed or given ends, interests and desires; ends, interest and desires are rather (re)shaped through reflecting on, and articulating, practical consequences (62–3). In the second part of the book, the author develops his conception of practical rationality by complementing Dewey’s contribution through current thinkers such as Stanley Cavell and Charles Taylor. Dewey’s account of the holistic, articulative nature of judgement is thus developed in terms of expressive inquiry: a process of expressing one’s moral beliefs and attitudes which is typically occasioned by moral disagreement. Articulation and self-expression in a situation of moral disagreement may be qualified as rational since, as Cavell’s analysis shows, agents may succeed in articulating ‘a shared system of presuppositions’ (84), or, in less happy cases, be lead to ‘accept disagreement as the result of a difference in forms of life’ or go on to ‘critically revise’ their moral attitudes and beliefs (85). In the last section of part two, in chapter four, the author makes a bold transition to the political sphere: the conception of expressive inquiry is adapted and applied to normative conflicts that emerge on a larger scale and that concern relations between groups or sections of society. This move facilitates a return to Dewey’s work and to The Public and Its Problems in particular. Through a sweeping yet pointed comparison Frega defends a Deweyan understanding of...

19世紀ドイツ森林史と林政学・森林機能論に関する新知見（研究ノート）

Social homogamy in 19th century rural Italy with an application of the Gini’s homophily index: A research note The paper deals with the issue of social homogamy in a sharecropping community of mid-nineteenth-century Italy, Casalguidi. The aim is to provide not only a measure of the phenomenon in a pretransitional population, a topic largely studied for many preindustrial communities, but also and mostly the motives for such a marriage behavior. The present study supports the evidence of high levels of social homogamy in rural contexts along with a strong positive effect of household composition on homogamous marriages and a depressive effect of hard times (epidemics) on the same type of union. Analisi dell'omogamia sociale nell’Italia rurale del XIX secolo, con un’applicazione dell'indice di omofilia di Gini: una nota di ricerca Lo studio analizza l’omogamia sociale in una popolazione mezzadrile Italiana a meta Ottocento, Casalguidi. Lo scopo e quello di determinare non solo i livelli di tale fenomeno in una comunita pre-transizionale, tematica gia ampiamente studiata per molti contesti pre-industriali, ma anche e soprattutto di investigare le ragioni di tale scelta matrimoniale. I risultati confermano innanzitutto l’esistenza di alti livelli di omogamia sociale nella comunita rurale analizzata. Permettono poi di evidenziare come la composizione familiare sia uno dei fattori decisivi nella scelta di un partner con simili caratteristiche socio-economiche, mentre periodi di forte crisi (epidemie) con importanti riflessi sulla struttura demografica della popolazione possano, al contrario, allentare tali vincoli a vantaggio di scelte matrimoniali meno orientate. DOI: 10.4424/ps2018-2

The Business of State Supreme Courts, Revisited

This paper concerns the little-known, largely archaic practices of traditional Chukchi songs and incantations. Use is made of the unique Chukchi language materials of Vladimir Bogoraz, recorded by that scholar in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as hitherto unknown sources from the author’s unpublished field materials, collected in Chukotka in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries, and here introduced into scientific circulation.

In this research note we employ data from the State Supreme Court Data Project to update Kagan et al.'s study of the docket composition of state supreme courts. Our analysis shows that many of the patterns of change described by Kagan et al. continued through the 20th century: debt and real property continued to decline and criminal continued to increase. However, other patterns of change either reversed or halted. Specifically, neither torts nor family cases have continued to increase; torts have stabilized and family cases, rather than increasing, have declined. The most surprising shift is the sharp increase in “other contract,” which had no particular pattern in the earlier data, but that represented 5 percent or less of the courts' business; in the 1990s, “other contracts” had grown to a level approaching that of public law, and exceeding real property and family and estate cases.

O objetivo primeiro desta breve nota de investigação consiste em difundir a transcrição paleográfica integral de quatro contratos de obras relativos à Igreja de Santa Engrácia, em Lisboa. Datados do século XVII, entre 1606 e 1678, remetem para uma cronologia que antecede a atual igreja barroca, cuja construção se iniciou em 1682, facultando informação inestimável sobre as características das edificações que, no mesmo lugar, foram anteriormente consagradas a Santa Engrácia. O teor dos documentos, cuja grafia se apresenta de leitura muito difícil, apenas foi parcialmente usado pelos autores que a eles se referem. A sua compreensão, facilitada pela transcrição paleográfica integral, é sustentada por uma breve introdução crítica que permite contextualizar os factos, trazendo novas luzes sobre a atribulada história da Igreja de Santa Engrácia, em particular, nos períodos da União Ibérica e da posterior Restauração da Independência.

Key words: TelevisionInternational TransmissionsPsychological effectIndian Capital MetropolisModellingaltered psychological response

subject.' It concerns the difficulty left unresolved therein of how the circular motion of the waterwheel was converted into power to operate the saw. The earliest surviving solution to this problem, that drawn by Villard de Honnecourt in the 12th century, and the later ones, notably those devised by Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th, all use the cam and lever or the crank and converter.2 Neither of these methods is known to have been used by the Romans for this purpose, despite their knowledge of both elements of machines: the circular saw is not recorded. Yet the assumption implicit in the Research Note, as well as in all commentaries-that some kind of conversion mechanism was required-is unnecessary. What suffices is a simple modification of the saw described by Pliny for cutting marble-a wire with sand used as an abrasive and the ends joined together. This forms a continuous bandsaw; it may be put into operation by looping it over two pulleys, one driven directly or via gearing, with the second left free-running.3 (See fig. 1.) Some holding devices to keep the wire from bouncing up and down during its revolutions are also necessary.4 The power applied to the wire by the driving pulley should be great enough for it to abrade its way through the stone, and the particles of sand should provide sufficient friction to prevent its slipping on the pulleys. Raising the block on which the stone is placed, by means of appropriate gearing and at a rate matching the cutting rate of the wire, produces a sawmill as fully automatic as that described by Villard de

One of the common features of post-Soviet Central Asian diapora is its close connection to the homeland (the independent countries of the former Soviet Central Asia) manifested in various economic ties, including investments into kinship networks and business ventures. This research note discusses the transnational Bukharan Jewish diaspora and its links to Uzbekistan that do not fit into this general pattern. Drawing on the history of Bukharan Jews as a ‘go-between’ minority at the time of Russia colonisation of Central Asia in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it investigates the ways in which this structural role has been actualised after the collapse of the USSR and mass emigration of the Bukharan Jews from Central Asia. While the Bukharan Jewish diaspora do not seem to establish new economic lniks to Uzbekstan, the Bukharan Jewish community ogranisaitons strive to become a recognised player in the field of people’s diplomacy.

: This research note provides a snapshot of the state of workplace learning at the end of the 20th century. It also describes the training investment made by U.S. organizations, including the U.S. Army. This research note also reviews the links between workplace learning and a few central tenets of social cognition: (a) situated cognition, (b) regulatory behaviors, (c) efficacy, (d) shared mental model, and (e) transactive memory.

The second-year studio presented here investigates the potential of reducing the gaps between the academy and professional practice by using the results of practice as a teaching tool. Part of a two-semester sequence intended to introduce students to the fundamentals of architectural form and space, the design studio emphasizes discipline-specific notions of inquiry, exploration and process. The range of fundamental concerns is addressed through in-depth analyses of exemplary buildings in order to discover how practicing architects have incorporated basic design principles into overall design strategies. The “design in the style of” methods that characterized architectural education at the École des Beaux Arts and the pattern books which served as sources for 19th and early 20th century practice in North America provided definitive models that were subject to limited interpretation. In contrast, the analyses projects described here do not provide “answers” to questions regarding style, but rather focus questions on a range of concerns which are fundamental to architectural practice. Employing exemplary projects in beginning-level studios assists in demonstrating that highly regarded practitioners aspire to a synthesis of program/use requirements, conceptual ideas, structural solutions and constructional systems. The fact that the students were able to make concrete connections between their activities and the profession resulted in an intensity and sense of purpose that is evident in both the process and products of the studio.