Abstract
The volvocine algae represent an excellent model lineage in which to study evolution of female and male genders based on comparative analyses of related species. Among these species, Volvox carteri has been extensively studied as a model of an oogamous and complex organism. However, it may have unique derived features that are not present in other species of Volvox. Therefore, information regarding the characteristics of sexual reproduction of other species of Volvox is also important. In 1971, Starr studied four types of sexuality in several global strains identified as Volvox africanus; however, further taxonomic studies of these strains have been lacking, and strains of three of the four sexual types are not available. Here, we studied the morphology, sexual reproduction, and taxonomy of two V. africanus-like species isolated recently from Lake Biwa, Japan. These two species were very similar to two sexual types described by Starr in 1971: one producing dioecious sexual spheroids in heterothallic strains and the other forming both male spheroids and monoecious spheroids in a single strain. The former species produced zygotes with a reticulate cell wall, whereas a smooth zygote wall was observed in the latter species as in V. africanus previously reported from various localities around the world. Our multigene phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these are sister species to each other. However, the presence of a compensatory base change in the most conserved region of the secondary structure of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer-2, hybrid inviability demonstrated by intercrossing experiments, and morphological differences in the density of abutment between the gelatinous material of adjacent cells (individual sheaths) in the spheroid supported the recognition of the two species, V. africanus having a smooth zygote wall and V. reticuliferus Nozaki sp. nov. having a reticulate zygote wall.
Highlights
Volvox is a fantastic green alga that was taxonomically described as a genus by Linnaeus [1]
Water samples (24.5°C, pH 8.4) from which V. africanus strain 2013-0703-VO4 and V. reticuliferus strains 2013-0703-VO1, VO2 and VO3 were isolated were collected from the shore (35° 04’26”N, 135°55’55”E) of Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, on 3 July 2013
Volvox africanus strains 2013-0703-VO4 and VO4-F1-1, and V. reticuliferus strains 20130703-VO1, VO2 and VO3, and VO123-F1-6 and F1-7 can be assigned to V. africanus based on the morphology of the asexual spheroids, as delineated previously [2, 5] except for individual sheaths
Summary
Volvox is a fantastic green alga that was taxonomically described as a genus by Linnaeus [1]. Smith [2] recognized approximately 20 species that were subdivided into four sections based on morphological differences in cells and gelatinous matrix structures of spheroids. Merrillosphaera is distinguished from other sections of the genus Volvox by a lack of cytoplasmic bridges between adult cells in spheroids, and includes about eight species [2,3,4,5]. Recent chloroplast multigene phylogenies have demonstrated that the genus Volvox is polyphyletic, representing four separate lineages, two of which include species of Volvox sect. Merrillosphaera sensu Smith [6,7,8]
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