Dečje siromaštvo - mogućnost merenja i modeli borbe protiv siromaštva u Srbiji

The cost of living: an avoidable public health crisis

Early Childhood Services in OECD Countries

Child poverty remains a significant concern across Europe and citizens regard policy interventions that effectively address this issue to be of utmost importance. In this work, we analyse the potential of social transfer policy alternatives to alleviate child and overall poverty simultaneously in European countries. Using a logistic regression to define the objective functions and constraints, we rely on multiobjective programming to assess key features of national social transfer systems that can minimize child and overall poverty and tend to equal both levels downwards. Taking into account the starting levels of each country, the results underline the importance of finding an adequate combination of pro-child and pro-poor targeting of social transfer policies. For most European countries, an increase in the level of cash benefits for children is advisable – particularly universal benefits – except in Croatia, the Netherlands, and Norway. Nonetheless, in France, Greece, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Spain, the recommended proportion of GDP allocated to universal cash benefits is lower than the proportion allocated to means-tested benefits. In this regard, our research provides an innovative approach for policymakers to optimize poverty reduction strategies by contributing valuable insights for the design and implementation of effective social transfer policies to combat child and overall poverty in European countries.

In the context of global developments in the measurement of child poverty, this article critiques the limited success of the Indian government to develop a comprehensive social policy approach to address multi‐faceted deprivation suffered by Indian children. Since independence in 1947, Indian governments have focused on childhood deprivation through various programmes to improve food security, education and health. However, these programmes have functioned in siloes without any linkages to each other, along with poor budgetary commitment which has resulted in sub‐optimal policy outcomes. Based on the theoretical approaches of Amartya Sen's capability approach and Townsend's consensual approach to poverty measurement, this article highlights the intrinsic importance of child well‐being to society. To achieve its objectives, the article is organized into four main parts. First, the article provides an overview of Indian children's deprivation and poverty, and the policy approach. Second, it provides conceptual advancements globally on the measurement of child poverty and deprivation. Third, it highlights the importance of utilizing these indicators to measure child poverty in the Indian context. Fourth, it concludes with a critical analysis of children's budgets and social policy in India to highlight that the Indian government's approach towards child well‐being is not only conceptually flawed, but that its commitment is extremely poor.

The concern about main crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and climate change's impact on energy-saving behavior

Child Poverty and Health in the United States: Introduction and Executive Summary.

This article focuses on both economic and social rights (esr) and child poverty. In doing so, it identifies and considers key developments and gaps in child rights scholarship (crs) in these areas. The authors’ treatment of these issues together is logical (albeit certainly not inevitable) given the strong connection between esr and poverty. Both are areas which have been under-explored in crs: esr have been historically under-theorised and marginalised in child rights research, whereas child poverty is an area that has received extensive academic attention but only a limited amount of this has been from a child rights perspective. The article begins by outlining the state of the existing theoretical child rights literature on esr, before going on to consider the growing body of crs focused on specific esr-thematic areas. The authors make clear the historic dominance of law in terms of child esr scholarship while flagging the increasing esr-focused/framed work emerging from other disciplines, arguing that this is evidence of an ever-wider and more multidisciplinary engagement with esr. Moving on to the topic of child poverty, the authors note that, with some notable exceptions, there has been a failure on the part of child rights scholars to engage with child poverty, a fact that is at least partially attributable to disciplinary disconnects: while crs (and esr scholarship in particular) has come to be dominated by lawyers to a large degree, much academic work on child poverty originates in economics, development studies and social policy. There is, however, some recognition by child poverty scholars (and more so by practitioners) that child poverty is a “child rights” issue, albeit that there is an ongoing failure on the part of child poverty scholarship to really come to terms with the complexities of child rights in terms of the implications of such for the definition and measurement of child poverty. The authors conclude by flagging future avenues for academic engagements with child esr and child poverty, considering both the ways in which existing scholarship may be enriched as well as the potential dangers that new directions may pose in terms of child esr specifically.

One in five children in the UK lives in poverty and is ‘missing out on the essentials of a decent childhood’. That is one of the findings from a new report published by the End Child Poverty campaign, a coalition of 100 charities committed to ending child poverty in the UK. It revealed that in one local authority (Tower Hamlets in London) and eight Parliamentary constituencies at least 40% of children are living below the poverty line. This means that they live in households earning less than 60% of median income. The study, entitled the Child Poverty Map of the UK, revealed a wide disparity within regions. In London, for example, the constituency of Poplar and Limehouse has a child poverty rate of 41%, while in Richmond it is 7%. In the North West, 38% of children in Manchester are poor, while in the Ribble Valley the figure is 7%. The report said that poverty ‘damages children’s experiences of childhood and harms their future life chances’ and cited research by Save the Children that 61% of parents in poverty had cut back on food and more than a quarter had skipped meals. Enver Solomon, chair of the End Child Poverty campaign, said that the Child Poverty Map showed ‘the gross levels of inequality’ faced by some children. He added: ‘Far too may children whose parents are struggling to make a living are having to go hungry and miss out on the essentials of a decent childhood that all young people should be entitled to.’ The campaign has written to local authorities with the highest levels of child poverty, asking how they plan to tackle the issue. ‘The government must also closely examine its current strategy for reducing poverty and consider what more it could do to ensure millions of children’s lives are not blighted by the corrosive impact that poverty has on their daily existence,’ said Mr Solomon. Meanwhile Ellen Broome, director of policy at The Children’s Society, said the study showed ‘the truly shocking scale of child poverty’ in the UK. ‘Worryingly, the situation is set to get much worse,’ she warned. ‘Families up and down the country are already struggling to make ends meet and the government’s decision to cap benefit increases for the next three years at below inflation will drive an additional 200,000 children into poverty.’ The End Child Poverty campaign used 2012 data collated by researchers from Loughborough University’s Centre for Research in Social Policy. The Child Poverty Map of the UK can be downloaded at www.endchildpoverty. org.uk/images/ecp/130212%20ECP%20 local%20report%20final(1).pdf

336 Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 17 No. 1 (2007) ISSN: 1546-2250 Discovering Child Poverty: The Creation of a Policy Agenda from 1800 to the Present Platt, Lucinda (2005). Bristol, UK: The Policy Press; 143 pages. $23.95. ISBN 1861345836. Lucinda Platt’s Discovering Child Poverty traces the political, economic, and social developments of the past 200 years that have created the conditions for modern British anti-poverty policies and attitudes toward child welfare. Platt is a trained social worker and is currently a lecturer at the University of Essex in England. Her research interests center on ethnicity, poverty and child poverty, and the history of social policy. In this book, she focuses on linkages between research and policy, and compares poverty conditions and policies in the past with current debates. She chronicles how child poverty has become a focus of research and how childhood has been redefined over time. Her book is informative and provides a picture of the changes in British antipoverty , education, and labor policies, while also highlighting some important developments in child poverty research. Although elimination of child poverty is a major priority of public policy today, in the past children had few or no rights. Platt reports that in early 19th century Britain, children were not considered a distinct group deserving of protections and benefits to ensure their well-being. Poor children were not guaranteed an education, and they worked without any regulations governing their hours or labor conditions. If their families lacked adequate income to provide them with food and other necessities, they had to rely on help from the local church as there was no government income assistance to families living in poverty. The state could not adequately address the needs of poor children until childhood was recognized as ‘‘a separate space and...children as having specific needs …’’ (32). After new definitions of ‘‘childhood’’ and ‘‘poverty’’ were accepted, the state became responsible for the well-being of children. Poverty 337 was viewed as unacceptable, especially for children, who were seen as vulnerable and dependent. Changes in the political structure, the economy, and social values in the UK helped to redefine the problem of child poverty and caused the British government to institute reforms that limited children’s labor, guaranteed them education, and availed family incomes to support them. However, the institution of labor restrictions such as the Factory Act caused many children who were out of work to end up on the street. Consequently, campaigners promoted mass education as a step to keep children off the streets and in classrooms. Platt observes that after a long struggle—especially due to resistance from the Church—education became universal in Britain. Large numbers of unoccupied children threatened the social fabric, and “churches began to acknowledge that they could not provide sufficient education to keep pace with their recognition of the need for it” (p. 49). Schools not only became locations for provision of education but “where other things were done…medical services were developed…[and] children could be weighed” (p. 52). Over time, the role of education became one of nation building: children were to be molded into good citizens. Platt uncovers a relationship between empirical research about child poverty and the changes in the policies aimed to address it. Social surveys were used in developing the mandatory educational system and monitoring children’s health and welfare in schools. However, only when statistical facts were presented in a favorable political environment would changes in policy result. “Evidence only became treated as such if it could be made to fit with existing economic and ideological conditions” (p. 5). Given this insight, it is perhaps ironic that Platt’s book did not include any record of what the “youthful gangs and vagrants” had to say about the changes occurring at the time. Despite the recognition that children have a distinct voice and opinions that do not necessarily match the ideological positions of adults, there is no indication that children were ever consulted. 338 This book may appeal to policy makers, practitioners, researchers and all those with an interest in child poverty. Most countries agree that eliminating child poverty is a central objective and have signed the...

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, and the outbreak of war in Ukraine in 2022 (a country bordering Poland on the east) have significantly impacted the mental health of young people in Poland, leading to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. The rising number of individuals struggling to cope with daily stressors, as well as non-normative stressors, may indicate a decrease in the individual's potential, specifically in skills, attitudes, and competencies required to overcome difficulties that they encounter. It can be assumed that for young people, maintaining mental health under the influence of social stressors, such as the pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine, depends on the ability to adapt positively, which is the ability of young individuals to adjust to situational demands in a way that allows them to effectively manage those situations. The aim of the conducted study was to determine whether social stressors, namely the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, and intrapsychic factors such as beliefs about oneself, others, life, and the world, influence the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth. An attempt was made to assess the significance of external stressors and internal potential resources for maintaining psychological balance among young people. The study was conducted using the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), the Questionnaire of Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and World Attitudes (QIIWA), as well as a survey created by the researchers containing questions about well-being in relation to the pandemic, remote learning, and the ongoing war in Poland's neighboring country. Ethical approval for the planned research was obtained from the Bioethics Committee. The study included 945 adolescents aged 11-15 years (M = 13.10; SD = 1.11), representing a sample of youth from 14 regions of Poland. The results and analyses are presented from three perspectives: (A) the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in relation to the gender and age of the respondents, (B) the significance of situational experiences, such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Q1), remote learning (Q2), and the outbreak of the war in Ukraine (Q3) for the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth, and (C) other determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth, such as intrapsychic variables including self-esteem, satisfaction with relationships with others, and views on the world and life. It can be concluded that in the case of young people, maintaining mental health under the influence of social stressors such as the pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine depends mainly on intrapsychic variables, including the beliefs and attitudes of young people towards themselves, toward other people, the world and life.

Today’s consumers are guided by several internal and external factors that shape their preferences when purchasing products and services. Many disruptions, such as the pandemic and legal, economic, and financial disruptions, have occurred in recent years on a global and economic level. First, the COVID-19 pandemic with numerous consequences on all aspects of human life; second, the sudden outbreak of the war in Ukraine, which shapes new international trade policies; and, finally, the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the Schengen area with the introduction of a new official currency are just some of the global events that influence consumer behavior. Under such uncertain conditions, the levels of stress, fear, panic, and anxiety are high among consumers because confidence in producers has been lost, and prices are expected to rise dramatically. The question is whether such negative perceptions could be prevented or mitigated through digital technologies that could give consumers an insight into price changes during crises and help them overcome or even mitigate the fear of reduced purchasing power. This paper explores consumer perceptions of how the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and a new currency have influenced consumer behavior, whether they have changed it, and to what extent. The research also examined how consumers’ negative perceptions can be mitigated by applying digital solutions. The second part of the paper presents empirical results collected through detailed research to complement the theoretical background with practical data.

Maritime transport plays a key role in the global and local economy, accounting for 80% of global trade by volume. This makes smooth operation of the maritime transport essential. However, the sector faces the constant risk of various crises and their potential consequences that may significantly impact and disrupt the movement of goods on local, regional, and global levels. In recent years, two notable crises, namely the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, have been observed. This paper aims to analyse how international crises, such as armed conflicts and pandemics, influence maritime traffic and assess their impact on both global and local economies. A comparison is drawn between the periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and before and during the war in Ukraine to exemplify the effects of crises. The findings are then extrapolated to apply to potential future crises. Vessel movements are studied using data collected from Automatic Identification Systems (AIS). In our quantitative approach, we analyse big data using dedicated tools and visualisation techniques to gain insights into specific phenomena. The paper identifies economically significant regions for maritime traffic and examines the impact of crises on their performance. Its unique value lies in its flow-based analysis of changes in maritime traffic. The main conclusion is that China's importance for worldwide maritime traffic is increasing. This makes the global economy heavily reliant on China to a substantially greater extent than it is, for example, on Russia. Consequently, any crisis in the China region could exert a dramatic impact on the global economy. The paper also discusses observations of changes in maritime traffic following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine.

PurposeThe two East Asian developmental states of Japan and South Korea share very similar familialistic male breadwinner welfare regimes. However, in the recent years, both countries have made significant social policy reforms that are gradually modulating their familialistic male breadwinner welfare regimes. Both countries have extended public support for the family and women by provisioning, regulating, and coordinating childcare, elder care, and work‐family reconciliation programs. At the same time, labour market deregulation reforms have also made employment more insecure, and created greater pressures on women to seek and maintain paid work outside the home. The purpose of this paper is to compare recent social policy reforms in Japan and Korea and discuss their implications for welfare state changes and gender equality. More specifically, it asks whether this signals the end of the old developmental state paradigm and a shift to a more gender equal policy regime.Design/methodology/approachTo answer this question, the paper examines recent social policy reforms in conjunction with economic and labour market policy reforms that have also been introduced since 1990.FindingsThe analysis of social and economic policy reforms in Japan and South Korea shows a combination of both progressive and instrumentalist motivations behind social care expansions in these countries. Social care reforms in both countries were responses to the evident need for more welfare and gender equality determined by the structural and ideational changes that were taking place. But they were also a remodelling of the earlier developmental state policy framework. Indeed, social care expansions were not merely timely family friendly social policies that aimed to address new social risks; they were also important complements to the employment policy reforms that were being introduced at the same time. By investing in the family, the Japanese and Korean governments sought to mobilize women's human capital, encourage higher fertility, and facilitate job creation in social welfare and care services.Originality/valueThis paper shows how Japanese and South Korean developmental states might be changing and remodelling themselves in the recent decades, and how new social policies are evolving in close coordination with economic and labor market policy reforms.

The war in Ukraine created a humanitarian crisis of enormous proportions and also a serious blow to the world economy. From a macroeconomic point of view, rising food and energy prices will reduce real incomes. CNUCED's express assessment of the impact of the war on trade and development in Ukraine confirms that the outlook for the global economy is rapidly deteriorating due to rising food, fuel and fertilizer prices. This study examines the impact of the crisis in Ukraine on global trade and development, highlights the importance of supplies of food, energy and certain industrial resources from Russia and Ukraine, and examines how the war poses significant risks to food and energy security and exacerbates the difficulties associated with with the supply chain. This study also shows that if a war were to split the world economy into separate blocs, the loss of income would be significant, especially for developing countries. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of a rules-based multilateral trading system, if only because the World Trade Organization provides functions that can help mitigate the effects of the crisis. It is important for international trade to better understand, analyze and monitor the nature, magnitude and implications of war for trade and development. Only with a clear understanding of these impacts can we create reliable supply chains, limit further losses in trade and economic development, and prevent the deepening of inequality between developed and developing countries. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the war in Ukraine on economic development and determine the consequences for world trade. The research used the methods of induction and deduction and comparative analysis. The study shows that among the main threats and risks that arise for the world economy are destabilization, rising inflation, unemployment, the emergence of a food crisis and famine in some countries of the world, and an increase in world prices for raw materials. The consequences of the war in Ukraine will be felt by most countries of the world, and their scale will depend on the course and duration of the war on the territory of Ukraine. The biggest loss and the biggest problem of the war is human loss, but there are also huge economic problems that are felt far beyond the borders of Ukraine.

Objective — to investigate the personal attitude of 5th and 6th year students of the medical faculties of Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University to mixed forms of education, including distance learning, in the context of quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law. Materials and methods. A questionnaire was conducted to study the personal attitude of the 5th and 6th year students of the medical faculties of Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University to the study of curricula in a mixed form of education during the autumn semester of the 2022—2023 academic year. Results and discussion. Among the survey participants, a third (33.7 %) noted that they felt more responsible for their studies, realised the opportunity to be in the learning process, i. e. noted a change for the better, in general. However, 18.5 % of the respondents indicated a negative change, feeling indifferent. One third of students (39.1 %) rated their level of anxiety as high, and one third (33.7 %) as very high. It has been found that 30.4 % of students are engaged in volunteer activities alongside their studies, and more than half (53.2 %) are employed, including 30.4 % of all survey participants working in the medical field. Among the 6th year students, participation in volunteer activities increased compared to the 5th year students, and 39.7 % were engaged in it, and more 6th year students were also employed — 56.4 %. Among the negative factors for 80.4 % of the surveyed 5th year medical students, the priority was the lack of acquisition and improvement of practical skills, which is obvious. «Technical difficulties» came second. Distance learning had no impact on the desire to acquire knowledge in 72.3 % of students, and 27.7 % said they felt a lack of motivation to study after switching to distance learning. Conclusions. The war and martial law in Ukraine have become a source of stress for all participants in the educational process, so understanding students’ personal attitudes to learning is relevant and necessary in modern conditions. The use of information technology tools increases opportunities for both education and science. During the quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law in Ukraine, the educational process did not stop, and the distance learning format, according to the vast majority of students surveyed, made it possible to continue studying medicine in relatively safe places.