Definition of subsurface stratigraphy, structure and rock properties from 3-D seismic data

Abstract

This paper summarizes how three-dimensional (3-D) seismic technology is being used, primarily in the petroleum industry, to define subsurface structure, stratigraphy and rock properties. A 3-D seismic data volume: (a) provides a more accurate image of the subsurface than can be obtained with 2-D seismic methods; (b) is continuous, and so has a much greater spatial sampling than is obtained with 2-D seismic or other subsurface data (e.g., wells); and (c) can be viewed and interpreted interactively from a variety of perspectives, thus enhancing the interpreter's ability to generate an accurate description of subsurface features of interest. Seismic interpretation was once the almost exclusive realm of geophysicists, however, most 3-D seismic interpretation today is conducted by multidisciplinary teams that integrate geophysical, geological, petrophysical and engineering data and concepts into the 3-D seismic interpretation. These factors, plus proper survey design, help to increase the chances of success of a 3-D seismic interpretation project. Although there are cases where the technology is not appropriate or cannot be applied (for economic reasons or otherwise), the general success of 3-D seismic has led it to become a mainstay of the petroleum industry. The approach and technology, first developed in that industry, have potential applications in other applied and fundamental earth science disciplines, including mining, environmental geology, structural geology and stratigraphy.