Deferred Demand for Tourist Services as a Factor of Tourism Development in the Post-Pandemic Period in the World and Ukraine

The essence of the phenomenon of delayed demand as an engine for the development of post-covid tourism is revealed. The opinion of prof. Simon Hudson on the peculiarities of tourism development in the covid and post-covid periods, according to his published work “Covid-19: Travel Impacts, Responses and Outcomes”. The tendencies of development and recovery of the world tourism industry in the post-covid period are highlighted, taking into account the effect of the delayed demand factor. The peculiarities of the development and restoration of the tourism industry and hospitality in Ukraine in the post-pandemic period are shown, citing examples from the country’s practice of outbound (foreign), inbound (foreign) and domestic tourism. Among the examples of the practice of outbound tourism in Ukraine during the pandemic period, is the phenomenon of massive growth in demand for in the past expensive, elite tours – to the Maldives, the Dominican Republic and more. Possibilities for the development of domestic tourism in Ukraine during the pandemic times are shown in the example of Camino Podolico – pilgrimage route “Vinnytsia – Kamyanets-Podilsky” using the experience of Spain, where are dozens of European hiking routes – Camino, by which annually thousands of pilgrims and tourists pass.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted normal activity in the whole world. During the hard lockdown, surgical services were drastically reduced in all South African hospitals. The main objective of the study was to assess the recovery phase of surgical activity in the post-pandemic period at Mankweng Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Limpopo. A retrospective descriptive study of surgical services was done for three periods, namely pre-COVID-19, during COVID-19 and post-pandemic COVID-19. Data for the study were collected for one year from each group, from April to March, from the general surgery, orthopaedic and gynaecology departments. The pre-COVID-19 period included April 2019 to March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic period from April 2020 to March 2021, and the post-pandemic COVID-19 period from April 2023 to March 2024. The total combined operations performed from general surgery, orthopaedic and gynaecology departments during the pre-pandemic period were 2 446, during the COVID-19 pandemic period: 1 969, and during the post-pandemic period: 2 200. Department-wise, the number of operations performed in general surgery during the pre-COVID-19 period was 712, during the COVID-19 period: 657, and during post-pandemic COVID-19 period: 780. In the orthopaedics department, operations performed during the pre-COVID-19 period were 1 031, during the COVID-19 period: 912, and during the post-pandemic COVID-19 period: 752. In the gynaecology department, the number of operations performed during the pre-COVID-19 period was 703, during the COVID-19 period: 400, and during the post-pandemic COVID-19 period: 668. The recovery phase of the post-pandemic COVID-19 surgical service was not adequate in comparison to the pre-COVID-19 period, particularly for orthopaedic operations. It is of paramount importance that a drastic plan be made to increase theatre utilisation.

The article analyzes the place and role domestic and inbound tourism in the current development of Russia. According to the World Tourism Organization, domestic tourism has two forms - internal national and international inbound tourism. But the world theoretical concepts have shifted ahead much from such a simplified understanding of the functional structure of domestic tourism. The current trend is the transition to a well-planned and organized model of domestic tourism development from the simple promotion of inbound tourism to focused strategy of its planning at the national policy level. In Korea, such direction has been named «Intrabound tourism». In Russia, however, the importance and necessity of development of inbound and domestic tourism, attracting foreign tourists are still being discussed at all levels, but any significant measures and effective programs was not implemented, and those that accepted, for the most part ineffective. Ignoring the problems of inbound and domestic tourism consist in primarily orientation of the current normative and law framework «on outbound operator». And even in a new project of Amendments into the Law «About bases of tourist activity» can´t to completely move away from this vector. The survey of experts working directly in the tourism industry of the Central Federal District allows to identify the nine problems of development domestic and inbound tourism, common to each region. They are described in detail in the article. Also substantial list of major events, a comprehensive approach to the implementation of which will in the foreseeable future significantly improve sphere of domestic tourism in the Central Russia is offered. The need to develop a system of state regulation and support of tourist activity should be noted as the most important recommendations for the development of tourism in the Central Federal District.

Background:The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on healthcare organizations, leading to a reduction in screening. The pandemic period has caused important psychological repercussions in the most fragile patients.Objectives:This study aimed to assess the levels of depression, anxiety, peri-traumatic stress, and physical symptoms in patients undergoing colposcopy during the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare these data with the post-pandemic period.Design:This longitudinal study included 96 individuals undergoing colposcopy, aged between 22 and 64, who were examined between March 2020 and December 2023.Methods:Participants were assessed at four distinct time points, referred to as T0, T1, T2, and T3. T0 encompassed the pandemic period, ranging from March 2020 to August 2020, while T1 occurred 1 year later, T2 and T3 correspond to data collected in 2022 and 2023. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various psychological variables. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and frequency distributions, were calculated for each psychological variable within each time period.Results:Our findings revealed a significant reduction in peri-traumatic stress and pain levels in the post-pandemic (from 2021 to 2023) period compared to the pandemic period. Conversely, anxiety and depression levels exhibited a statistically significant increase in the post-pandemic period and then gradually decrease in the subsequent follow-up.Conclusion:This study provides valuable insights into the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological distress experienced during the pandemic period itself, as well as its enduring effects on anxiety and depression in the subsequent period.

Tourism plays a significant role in the GDP, job creation, and employment in many countries. According to the statistics of the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and Oxford Economics, there was a rapid recovery in the tourism sector in 2022, with its contribution to the global GDP increasing by 22% on an annual basis, reaching $7.7 trillion US dollars. There is a direct link between the trends in the development of the tourism industry and overall economic, technical, and social achievements. In recent years, the structure of tourist flows to the Russian Federation has changed significantly due to geopolitical and socio-economic factors. The aim of this research is to analyze the development of tourism in the post-pandemic period, taking into account the impact of international sanctions against Russia and restrictions on the travel of Russian citizens abroad. The objects of the study were tourist flows, their structure and dynamics, as well as a quantitative assessment of the entities and actors associated with tourism activities. This work is based on the authors’ own research and data provided by state statistics. Statistical methods and methods of general scientific research, including observation, data collection, and comparison of two or more objects to identify common and distinctive features, were used for analysis. Results. The paper presents economic indicators of the hospitality industry’s development, analyzes statistical indicators of the hospitality market for the years 2018-2022 and their structure. Problems and current trends in the development of the tourism and hotel markets in the Russian Federation are identified. Application of results. The results can be applied in the scientific and practical activities of regional authorities in addressing issues related to the development of international and domestic tourism.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the psychophysical state of schoolchildren, taking into account the challenges posed by the post-pandemic COVID-19 period and the military actions in Ukraine. The study covers the impact of these events on the psychological well-being, physical health, social adaptation and educational achievements of schoolchildren. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the article analyses data collected through surveys, interviews, and physical health indicators, as well as psychological tests, to identify key trends and impacts. Materials and methods. The pedagogical experiment involved 103 schoolchildren aged 12-13 from general secondary education institutions of the Chernivtsi region in the period of the academic year 2023-2024 during various sports, health, recreational, and charity events. Results. The obtained results highlighted the problematic areas related to schoolchildren’s psychophysical state caused by the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and military conflict in Ukraine. The difference in physical development between the sexes, which is statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicates a critical need to develop individually adapted programmes to promote physical activity among students. The analysis of psychological well-being using the SDQ questionnaire showed a high risk of psycho-emotional problems in 51.3 % of boys and 37.4 % of girls aged 12-13 years, which requires the development of targeted psychological and pedagogical measures. Conclusions. The conducted research indicated existing gaps in the system of modern physical education and the critical need to integrate methods and approaches aimed at improving the schoolchildren’s psychophysical state against the backdrop of general social unrest. Key words: psychophysical state, schoolchildren, military conflict, COVID-19, post-pandemic period.

One of the sectors most affected by the new coronavirus pandemic globally is the tourism sector. Due to the closure of the borders and the suspension of flights, in 2020, four times fewer foreigners and stateless persons visited Azerbaijan compared to 2019. In 2020, the turnover of mutual tourism services decreased by 4.3 times and there was a deficit as a result of the excess of imports over exports of tourism services. The crisis has caused serious economic losses not only in the tourism sector, but also in other related sectors. This study assesses the authors’ predictions about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector and the expected recovery period. Suggestions are made on the changes that will occur in the post-pandemic period and the level of Azerbaijan’s preparedness for it. The study aims to investigate the impact of coronavirus infection on the world economy and the country’s economy, to examine existing problems and current development scenarios. It is also necessary to explore the possibility of using alternative types of tourism during the post-pandemic period. The research methodology is comparative analysis, a systematic approach and statistical analysis. According to analytical results, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism was generalized and the implementation of the measures to be taken in the post-pandemic period for the tourism sector was justified. In order to eliminate the problems caused by the virus, it is necessary to apply a number of new travel rules in the tourism sector, which may apply to the visa regime, vaccinations, and insurance. The necessity to maintain physical distance can also change the organizational form of tourism, and tourism companies may have to switch from mass tourism to individual or small group travel. The State Program on the Restoration and Sustainable Development of the Territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan Liberated from Occupation for 2021–2025 project considers it expedient to give a special role to the development of tourism. In the study, the authors summarized the problems created by the pandemic in the tourism sector, analyzed various scenarios for the future development of tourism, made a number of proposals for travel companies in the post-pandemic period. The potential of alternative types of tourism was investigated and appropriate proposals were made for the development of tourism in the territories liberated from occupation.

In Georgia, even today, in the post-pandemic period, the tourism business is quite relevant. The increase in tourist flows in the country has given rise to the prospect that the share of the tourism sector in the economy will increase, which is fully in line with the 2025 vision of the Georgian Tourism Strategy. The point to note here is that more attention should be paid to the quality and variety of visitors rather than the quantity of visitors. In the 2025 "Tourism Strategy of Georgia" plan, which was developed in previous years and 2015 is taken as the base period, it is planned that the income from tourism should increase (from the existing 1.9 billion US dollars) to 6.6 billion US dollars. The share of the tourism sector in the GDP should be 7.9%. Increasing the average amount spent by visitors from the current $300 to $600. as well as increasing the average length of stay to 7 nights and doubling the number of visitors from the high-paying markets of Western Europe, Asia and North America. Priority tourism activities in the country are: increasing state and private investments in the field of tourism; improvement of the business environment in order to promote the increase of the number of visits, foreign and local investments; attracting visitors from high-paying markets by means of effective marketing and information campaigns, as well as stimulating domestic tourism; Increasing competitiveness by offering world-class tourism services; Creating unique and authentic offers in tourism using natural and cultural heritage resources. In the development of the country's tourism sector, the development of domestic tourism has gained great importance in the recent period. A number of measures were implemented during the pandemic period and in the subsequent period to stimulate domestic tourism. The total number of domestic tourism visits in 2021 amounted to 16.9 million, which is +35.8% more than in the same period of the previous year, such a sharp increase is also due to the fact that in previous years, the tourism seasons during the pandemic period were unsuccessful. According to the data of the National Bank, in 2021, Georgia received approximately 1.2 billion USD from international travel, which is 130% higher than the 2020 figure, and 62% lower than the 2019 figure. Tourism is a priority direction for Georgia. In the pre-pandemic period, the number of international visitors and, accordingly, the income from international travel increased every year. Restoring the tourism sector is an important precondition for overcoming the crisis. In the post-pandemic period, the development of tourism in Georgia, as well as around the world, has an undeniably great perspective, as evidenced by the data of the World Tourism Council. The travel and tourism industry is one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), in 2021, the contribution of this industry to the total GDP amounted to 5.8 trillion USD (+21.7% growth compared to the previous year) and contributed to the creation of 289 million jobs. After taking into account its direct and side effects, the contribution of the mentioned sector to the development of the world economy is as follows: 6.1 % of the world GDP, one place for every 11 jobs. From all of the above, we can conclude that: 1 from those countries, from which it is possible to attract high-paying tourists to our country, air and other means of transport should be simplified. 2. In order to attract high-paying tourists, it is necessary to properly arrange destinations and relevant events. 3. Internal transport networks should be improved to ensure free movement of visitor flows in the country. 4. It is also necessary to improve the quality of visitor services, so that tourists will have the desire to travel to our country again and again.

This study discusses the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on inbound tourism from China, aiming to investigate its prospects during the post-pandemic period. After briefly reviewing trends concerning COVID-19 impact studies at home and abroad, basic results from two cross-sections of web-based data in 2020 and 2022 are introduced to identify how the pandemic impacted not only daily activity and travel patterns but also the intentions of visiting Japan in the post-pandemic period. Finally, we summarize the challenges that we should verify to support inbound tourism restoration policies.

The present paper addresses the justification of the technique of strategic managerial decision-making in tourism industry, which is currently characterized by a high level of risk and uncertainty amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors of the paper would like to identify effective strategies for the development of tourism industry on the example of Russia and the Republic of Armenia. The paper considers four possible strategies for tourism recovery based on expert assessments of the probability of restoration of the pre-pandemic situation in the field of inbound and domestic tourism over the medium term. The strategies included developing tourism clusters and destination management organizations, starting the Ministry of Tourism, preserving the current policy of tourism development. The research uses probabilistic and mathematical decision-making methods based on extrapolation, and provides a solution matrix of possible strategies to stimulate tourism in the post-pandemic period in Russia and Armenia. According to experts, the tourism industry is most likely to recover by 60% over the next 5 years compared to 2019. Wald, Savage, Hurwitz and Laplace criteria were used to evaluate the strategies for a long-term strategy development. The findings suggest that the cluster strategy in the tourism sector will be most effective for Armenia. In the tourism industry of Russia, it is recommended developing the current regulatory system and policy; however, the clustering strategy is also effective, as its implementation risk is low.KeywordsTourism industryDevelopment strategiesExternal environmentRisk and uncertainty factorsDecision-making models

The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a significant blow to the international tourism market, resulting in job losses, reduced incomes, and rising unemployment. Therefore, studying the impact of the pandemic on the development of the international tourism market is relevant and important. This article focuses on analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international tourism industry in the context of globalization. It highlights key aspects and trends that emerged during the crisis period and influenced the development of the tourism market. The authors specifically concentrate on the pandemic's effects on the global travel network, encompassing changes in demand, restrictions on international travel, and the industry's adaptation to new global challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has been identified as the cause of the most significant drop in international tourism in human history. It led to a sharp decline in the number of international tourist arrivals, export earnings from tourism, and the economic contribution of tourism to the world economy. The impact of the pandemic on international tourism varied across regions, with the Asia-Pacific region being the most affected, experiencing an 84% decrease in international tourist arrivals. The authors pinpoint the main challenges facing the industry after the pandemic, such as changes in demand, restrictions on international travel, and the reorganization of tourism services and infrastructure. The study also explores possibilities for recovery and adaptation of the tourism industry to new realities post-pandemic, with particular attention given to strategies and innovations that can restore interest in international travel and enhance the competitiveness of countries in the global tourism market. It was found that the recovery of international tourism is progressing slowly. In 2022, international tourist arrivals were still 34% lower than in 2019. The study determined that the development of tourism in the post-pandemic period will be influenced by trend changes such as the prioritization of health and safety, shifts in consumer behavior, a desire for unique emotional experiences, new forms of employment, digital transformation, and the emphasis on ecotourism. Taking these trends into account will contribute to the recovery of the tourism industry and ensure its sustainable development in the future.

Today, Ukraine is at the center of the world community, politics and the European market, in light of changes in the political, economic and military spheres. Undoubtedly, all this influenced the development of the country’s economy and policy towards the countries of the near and far abroad, including the development of the tourism industry. To characterize the current state of development of domestic and international tourism in Ukraine and served as the main purpose of writing an article. The research of the current state of tourism development in Ukraine was based on the application of a systematic approach using comparative, statistical, analytical methods, etc. The relevance of this study is determined by the clarification of the further direction of tourism development in connection with the deprivation of tourism industry as a priority in 2019, although it is one of the significant sources of filling the state treasury, as well as the impact on the tourist image of Ukraine, an aggressor country during the period of change of power and incomplete reforms. It is established that the tourist image of Ukraine is restored from 2016 due to the victorious participation of Ukrainians in international events, in particular, Eurovision-2017, but it should be noted that the main donor countries are the countries of close foreign countries. Visa tourism has been intensified with Ukraine through visa-free travel and pricing policies for tourist services. For example, when comparing prices with the tourist complex «Bukovel» or «Shayan» cheaper to rest in Poland or Hungary. One of the reasons was revealed: the population’s low awareness of the tourist potential of the country; unreliability of domestic subjects of tourism activity; the lack of security in the places of rest, as well as the war in the east of Ukraine and the annexation of the Crimean peninsula. It was found that the length of stay of Ukrainians abroad depended on the location of the country. The farther the longer, which is associated with the cost of time and money. Also, you should not neglect tourist logistics. After all, almost all flights from Ukraine abroad are sent in the morning. Arriving in the evening, a tourist-Ukrainian is forced to seek a lodging for himself. While in Ukraine, on the contrary, tourists mostly come in the morning or in the afternoon. It should also be noted that the marked decrease in trips abroad is due to the poverty of the Ukrainian population. The main purpose of travel – rest on the warm seas of the seas for the best price and high quality of service for tourists. It is statistically reported that the geography of recipient countries is predominantly close to a foreign country, mainly the CIS countries, while, for example, most of Belarus comes to the EU. The development of domestic tourism, which tends to grow, is estimated. The main factors of its development are the desire of Ukrainians to travel even with a minimal budget. However, it should be noted the predominance of self-organized tourism. The main tourist areas with the predominance of a certain type of tourism were identified, for example Lviv – cultural-cognitive, IvanoFrankivsk and Transcarpathian - active and eventful, Odessa – recreational types of tourism. The tendency of the steady development of tourism in Ukraine due to the development of transport infrastructure, information and communication environment, the election of the European development vector is revealed. In the near future it is expedient: to adjust the Law «On Tourism» in accordance with the EU directives in the tourism sector, as well as to direct the direction for the development of domestic and inbound tourism in Ukraine.

Under new economic conditions caused by pandemic restrictions restaurant businesses have to radically change their development strategy and make serious changes regarding marketing and management policies. In the context of recent events, the article looks into studying and applying new concepts of business development in the field of public catering under self-isolation and quarantine measures, as well as in the post-pandemic period. The conceptual framework regarding marketing tools used in the restaurant business in particular and in the catering market in general was clarified. Thus, the following categories were defined: the restaurant market, strategy of restaurant business development, and transformation of restaurant maintenance during the coronavirus pandemic. By means of statistical and factor analysis methods, as well as quantitative and qualitative empirical indicators, the state of the restaurant business during the pandemic is assessed, and the reasons for the decline in the restaurant services market during the study period are established. Upon analyzing modern literature and statistical data, we proposed prospects for restoration and development of the restaurant industry using marketing strategies in the post-pandemic period. Some possible strategic measures and tactics for adjusting the restaurant business to the conditions of pandemic and post-pandemic periods are examined and analyzed.

The aim of the article is to analyze the current state of the domestic tourism industry in the context of the russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as to develop potential directions for eliminating the negative consequences for the tourism industry, speaking of its further recovery. The article examines the state of the tourism industry during the wartime, considers aspects of its adaptation to the conditions of martial law, and develops proposals for the post-war recovery. Since the onset of the large-scale military aggression, the tourism industry of Ukraine has undergone significant transformations, which have led to the practical halt of all types of tourism, especially at the initial stages of hostilities. However, a full assessment of the impact of military events on Ukrainian tourism becomes very difficult in view of the continuation of large-scale hostilities and the lack of accurate data. The study analyzes the amount of tourist tax and the structure of taxes to the State budget of Ukraine from the activities of tourism industry enterprises, the results of the analysis showed a significant drop in all indicators. An assessment of the impact of tourism development on the gross regional product (GRP) is carried out using correlation and regression analysis. Based on the results of modeling, a regression model of the dependence of GRP on tourist tax has been built, which confirms that the development of tourism in the region contributes to an increase in the gross regional product and has a significant multiplier effect. The features of recreation and work of tourist facilities in different regions of Ukraine are generalized and structured, and it is found that even with the existing restrictions, citizens continue to discover new places worth visiting in Ukraine. This can be attributed to the consideration that constant stress tires the body, and people need rest and recovery. A substantive characterization of the wartime factors of influence on the development of the tourism industry has been determined. It is determined that the recovery of the tourism industry will depend on the pace of restoration of the general and tourist infrastructure and the overall standard of living in the country, which will contribute to the rise of both inbound and outbound tourism. One of the main factors influencing the creation of a safe image of a tourist destination is the level of terrorist threat, in connection with which a set of measures to prevent terrorist threats has been formulated. The main program model for the development of tourism in post-war Ukraine is the public-private partnership (PPP), from the implementation of which the greatest return for the development of the tourism business is expected. In view of the above, the subject of prospective research should be the development of organizational and resource support for the PPP mechanism for the recovery of the tourism industry of Ukraine.

The article pays special attention to the most currently discussed topic – the development of the world economy in the post-pandemic period. In particular, the possibilities of increasing trade and economic relations between Kazakhstan and Slovenia in this difficult period, the international economy’s recovery from the crisis experienced during the period of COVID – 2019 are being considered. The methodological basis of the study is empirical data that were taken from statistical documents and grouped in tabular and schematic form, a comparative analysis of the trade turnover of the two countries was carried out.Countries around the world have faced many difficulties related to problems in logistics, the func-tioning of production facilities, ensuring the availability of various tourist destinations, etc. That is why, in modern conditions, the development of cooperation and the preservation of friendly relations be-tween states is the main task. The analysis of the indicators of the foreign trade turnover of Slovenia and Kazakhstan is carried out, indicators for the main exported and imported goods are given, the ways taken by the state to overcome difficulties are considered. The author considers the possibilities for further cooperation between the two countries in order to successfully overcome the difficulties caused by the pandemic and stabilize the economy of Slovenia by strengthening cooperation with Kazakhstan.The value of the conducted research lies in a detailed comparative characteristic of the post-pan-demic mutual trade turnover of the two countries and promising development directions for the econo-my of Kazakhstan are given.