DEFENDING THE BALKAN FRONTIER: THE ORGANIZATION OF MILITARY COLONIES IN THE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BOSNIA

This article discusses the marronage logics (Cimarronaje) and the constitution of Palenque villages, as an expression of black slaves’ resistance against the colonial neogranadian system. The analysis is temporarily focused on the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, and spatially in the current Caribbean region of Colombia, specifically the areas known as Bolivar Sabanero and the Mompox Depression. Throughout the conjunction of these temporal and geographic variables, the author can track how black slaves ran away from their masters using marronage (cimarronaje) dynamics, as a pursuit for social and territorial autonomy. This autonomy was materialized through the construction of Palenque villages in specific areas of the Colombian Caribbean, where they found what the colonial system did not provide to the enslaved population of the time. In this sense, this paper presents some theoretical positions corresponding to the study of Afro-descendants during the colonial times in the focused region. The analysis could contribute to strengthening the figure of Palenque village’s as territorial entities and a geographic space that allowed the Maroons to access levels of social autonomy through a particular use and appropriation of their native territory.

The Other Battle of Algiers

By integrating multiple management systems, this study developed a system for CSR activities, strategic management, daily operations, and sustainable management and control which allows the effective implementation of strategic CSR. The proposed strategic CSR system can help companies solve CSR reporting issues, including a lack of strategic planning, a lack of clarity of expression, and simplicity of reports. On the one hand, the proposed system may help companies comply with CSR reporting regulations introduced by the authorities. On the other hand, it may be used by managers to identify a company’s key strategic areas in economic, environmental, and social aspects and incorporate CSR activities in daily operations to gain competitive advantage and create a long-term value.

ResumenEste ensayo presenta resultados de estimaciones de estaturas medias para diversas regiones de Argentina durante el período 1850–1950. Esta evidencia, tomada de registros de reclutas y prisioneros, es utilizada para cuestionar algunas de las generalizaciones sobre el crecimiento económico argentino, basadas en datos de ingresos per-cápita y salarios. Se sostiene que, en términos de estatus nutricional y de salud, la era del progreso liberal derramó menos bienestar que el esperado. Algo similar ocurrió con el crecimiento agro-exportador de principios del siglo XX. Por el contrario, el período conocido como la «gran demora» —el período de inter-guerras— fue testigo de notables aumentos de bienestar biológico, particularmente en la década de 1930. Se sugiere también que durante la segunda guerra mundial y los primeros gobiernos peronistas, las estimaciones sobre alturas indican un retraso nutricional y de salud en el conurbano bonaerense. El ensayo presenta además datos sobre la distribución regional de las alturas, que reflejan un alto grado de desigualdad regional hacia la década de 1920.

This study attempted to more objectively investigate the military thought of the Later Han(後漢) through analysis of the view of war and way of conducting war, using the latter era as the main scope. The rule of Letters(文治), which focuses on studying abroad in Gwangmu(光武帝), helped to implement a gentle foreign policy, and domestic policies such as reducing taxes by avoiding war contributed to stabilizing the people. However, the fundamentally his war-hating Confucian ideas weakened the frontier’s military power along with the change in the military system, such as eliminating the standing army of local forces, resulting in his successors failing to adequately cope with external invasions. Later Han, whose local military power weakened, failed to respond appropriately to the rebellion of the Qiang people (羌族), and the prolonged war led to the deterioration of the rod, armaments, and finances, leading to generous self-decline. The Qianfulun(『潛夫論』) severely criticizes the rulers of the generosity, and shows the characteristics of military thought that the importance of force is dominated by Confucian ideas. In particular, it is legal to find the essence of war victory or defeat in the importance of general and military capabilities, or to find desirable general in military expertise rather than virtue(德). In the Later Han period, Confucian political ideology dominated society, but in the reality that the invasion of the immigrants continued, some Confucian scholars were arguing for military ideas that value force. If the Earlier Han(前漢) was an era of introducing Confucian governance on the legacy of Jin’s legal governance, it could be said that the Later Han was rather an era of supplementing the Confucian governance with the legal governance method.(National Defense University)

Governments settle their financial obligations and pay for the public expenditures largely through finances generated from taxes and so the issue of taxation is as old as taxes itself. Formulating of new laws that govern taxation, changes in tax administration as well as minimizing loop holes of tax evasion are some of the factors that lead to improvements in tax revenue collections in Indonesia. In developing countries especially in Asia, tax reforms revolves around matters to do with economic policies while focusing particularly on the design of taxation structure and the tax management. Despite the tax reforms and increasing need to increase revenue collection and enforcement so as to provide public services, Indonesia still faces the challenges of low tax collection and tax administration. The purpose of this study was thus to assess the impact of tax reforms on the financial performance of Indonesian Tax authority between 2017 and 2021. This study was informed by two theories; Optimal Tax Reform Theory and Open Systems Theory. The study was a literature based and the findings indicated that the implementation of the new tax systems to replace older tax systems leads to increased revenue collection compared to the past years before the implementation process. It has also been shown that the introduction of administrative tax reforms increased corporate tax compliance in several ways that included the self-assessment system and voluntary compliance which consequently reduced the number of queues at the Indonesia Tax Authority and huge savings on human resource who used to collect tax prior to the tax reforms. The study thus concluded that, electronic tax registration, and electronic tax identification number, electronic filing of tax return and electronic tax payment and administrative reforms have statistical positive significant relationship with revenue performance, implying that digitalization has a positive and a statistically significant influence on revenue performance. The study thus suggested that policy makers in Indonesia should ensure that there is stable equilibrium for the exchange rates as they adversely affect the tax collection process. Moreover, the laws governing tax collection in Indonesia should be reviewed and criminal liability for those delinquent tax payers, the government also need to offer some support with regards to tax offenders. Keywords: Tax reforms, tax authority, financial performance, revenue collection, Indonesia

This paper reports on research investigating the health management information system (HMIS) implementation process in Uganda, utilizing the diffusion of innovation and dynamic equilibrium organizational change models. Neither perspective guided the HMIS development process. Instead, technological issues, rather than wider organizational issues, dominated the planned change. The need to consider the organizational context when changing information systems arises because the process is more complex than some practitioners have realized, when attempting to understand the causes of information management problems and developing HMIS in low-income countries. In particular, information system developers had not acknowledged that they were promoting an informational approach to management when they promoted a change from a centralized reporting system to a HMIS supporting use of information at the level of collection. Strategies to facilitate this approach were not advocated. Organizational theory can contribute to the diffusion of innovation framework. It has yielded an integration of Rogers's diffusion of innovation framework and Leavitt's concept of organizational forces in equilibrium. The diffusion framework describes the process, but the organizational model has given the context and reason for aspects of the process. The diffusion model does not predict what needs to change within the organization when a particular innovation is introduced, or how much. The addition of the organizational model has helped. These frameworks can facilitate the introduction of future information management innovations and allow practitioners to perceive their introduction as a staged process needing to be managed. Implications for practice are identified.

The present book addresses the implications of demographic change for international security and provides a detailed analysis of the impact of demographic issues on military recruitment in Germany. Research is guided by the central question of whether demographic change, and the ensuing military manpower recruitment challenges, will constrain Germany’s ability to take up its envisaged role in world affairs. To answer this question, the demand and supply side of military manpower are put under scrutiny. The international security environment and the resultant requirements for Western military organizations and their soldiers form the demand side of military manpower. Meanwhile, a broad range of trends in the social environment of the Bundeswehr suggests that recruiting enough people of the right quality will remain a continuing challenge. These socio-demographic factors represent the supply side of military manpower and form the structural framework for the subsequent analysis. Following this approach, the book gives prominence to a topic that has thus far been under-represented in the greater discussion of demographic change, though is no less important than the implications for domestic policy: the demographic impact on international affairs.KeywordsDemographic ChangeYouth PopulationMilitary OrganizationMilitary MissionRelative Cohort SizeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Azerbaijan is a country that went through a number of different phases under the control of many countries for long permanent and short temporary terms. It can be said that states founded by Azerbaijan Turks were active in the states existed in middle ages and modern times and empires that controlled the region during their hegemony periods. The most important breaking point of the political history of Azerbaijan Turkish people corresponds to the beginnings of the nineteenth century. Russian empire, that was rising in this period and started expand to south, interfered to the long term Ottoman-Iran struggle in this period. Russian empire achieved significant gains from the competition that included three great powers. In 1813 Gülistan and 1828 Türkmençay agreements Azerbaijan’s territories north of Aras River were annexed by Russia. Russia developed different formulas in regards of the regional governance after its occupation. But these formulas that are known as administration reform were changed frequently as they were bereft of permanent and problem solving qualifications.The important changes in the socially traditional and economic structures were made possible by the 1861 reform that abolished the serfdom system that existed in the Czardom Russia. These reforms’ results, which started in the Caucasus ten years later, explicitly revealed itself in the development of the petroleum industry in Baku. The capitalist development in Baku simultaneously caused developments in education, press and cultural fields. On the one hand the development of petroleum industry changed Baku’s economic and political features and on the other hand caused serious demographical transformations. Within the scope of this process social and political transformations gained momentum concurrently with economic transformations, Azerbaijan Turkish People’s nation building process broken new grounds.Azerbaijan society, which built on Islamic identity and lived in colonial system, made progressions in enlightenment and nation consciousness, ummah and nation concepts started find distinct meanings in the start of twentieth century. As in the history of other nations, economic and social transformations show up as mutually triggering and concurrent processes in Azerbaijan history. In this regard, examination of economy politic of the colonial system and nation building process is important for demonstrating the social economic side of nationalization process that Azerbaijan Turks went through

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, modern historiography witnessed a significant shift towards the kinship/homogeneity approach, largely driven by orientalists in nonWestern regions. Within this paradigm, the geographical significance of Iran gained prominence. This study scrutinizes the intersection of Aryanist historiography with the construction field during the Qajar and First Pahlavi periods in Iran. It assesses the tangible outcomes of this historical perspective as the emergence of Persian Nationalism in the construction field. It draws upon primary sources and an extensive literature review, employing a critical methodology to scrutinize architectural historiography during the late Qajar and First Pahlavi periods. The study identifies that, from the second half of the 19th century, Persian Nationalism rose under the leadership of nonMuslim capitalists and foreign and local Orientalists, subsequently gaining political power after the First Pahlavi period and becoming a determining factor in shaping the field of construction development. In this way, the archaic mindset that glorified preIslamic Iranian civilizations and opposed the centuries-long presence of Turkic and Arab cultures as local elements after Islam became the main ideology of the modern Iranian nation-state. This main ideology became a dominant element in the early architectural culture of the Iranian nation-state, bringing significant outcomes in the field of urban development. In this context, the outcomes in the urban field can be summarized as follows: the glorification of Persian historical figures, the demolition of public buildings and urban morphology from the Turkic Qajar period, and the proliferation of the Achaemenid/Sassanid revivalist style.

The aim of the study was to trace how the normative guidelines of the Catholic Church were embodied in the practices of visual and material decoration of Union churches during the period of gradual ritual unification in the 18th century. The paper analysed the transformations of church space under the influence of Latin models, based on sources originating from the parishes of the Kyiv Metropolis, which encompassed the regions of modern Central and Western Ukraine. The study utilised a corpus of archival acts from general visitations conducted between 1730 and 1785, including documents from the visitations of the city of Lviv, the Pochaiv Monastery, the Fastiv, Pohrebyshchensky and Bila Tserkva deaneries, as well as the parish of the village of Hopchytsia. As a result of the study, it was established that the acts of visitations functioned not only as records of the condition of sacred spaces, but also as regulatory instruments for implementing Latin models in church practice. A combination of Latin and Byzantine ritual elements in textile design, liturgical utensils, and temple iconography was revealed. The process of replacing or reducing traditional iconostases, the appearance of figurative Latin statues, Latin-language instructions for altar arrangement, and the systematic introduction of Latin terminology in descriptions of vestments and utensils were identified. Analysis of the language of the visitations demonstrated the persistent presence of Latin-rite vocabulary combined with local elements, creating a mixed ritual-linguistic reality. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results to reconstruct the visual image of the Union Church, to create a typology of Latinised objects in museum and church collections, and to develop criteria for attributing the sacred heritage of the second half of the 18th century

Recruitment for the armed services formed a central part of wartime policies, and this chapter addresses the recruitment which took place in Scotland, comparing this with England. The chapter addresses all the different types of armed units which were raised in the 1790s, ranging from regular forces such as the Army and the Royal Navy, to the different kinds of forces for ‘internal defence’ that were set up, the Fencibles, Volunteer Corps and Auxiliaries. Most attention has, however, been given to the raising of a Scottish Militia in 1797, and the main argument presented with respect to this is that – while the militia riots were not doubt serious and widespread – Scottish responses to the Militia Act were more varied that has often been allowed. There were many Scots who either supported the measure, or demonstrated their opposition in more constructive ways than to stage riots.

Current analysis of the public administration's dysfunctions in Belgium bears remarkable resemblance to the analyses made by numerous authors and commissions in the past 150 years. In this article, we provide an overview of the major administrative reform initiatives in Belgium between 1848 and 2004. We focus on a number of books and reports from the period between the mid-19th century and the First World War, that were the foundation for many analyses in the 20th century. The interbellum saw the introduction of several reform commissions, and the appointment of a Royal commissioner who would introduce some of the most radical reforms ever in the Belgian civil service, the influence of which can still be felt today. After the Second World War, the focus of the reforms changed to efficiency, and later to economy. In the late 1980s, ‘citizen ‘and ‘client’ became a central concept in the reform discourse. Even though the administrative reforms and reform initiatives in Belgium since 1848 are quite diverse, there is a striking consistency in the problems that have been identified as causes for administrative malfunctioning: the influence of politics and ministerial cabinets, the size of the administration, and the administration's inefficiency.

Up to the 6 th century the municipal objects providing entertainment in Byzantine Empire were the theaters. Analyzing the archeological reports and publications by O.I. Dombrovsky who discovered the theater of Chersonessus in 1954 and taking into account the historic situation in the 4 th century we come to the conclusion that the theater could not discontinue its functioning only as a result of Christianity introduction. The reasons of its vanishing were possibly the inner crisis of dramatic arts itself that happened in the 4 th century as well as the administrative reform. Other than that, stratigraphic analysis of the architectural complex revealed that the most part of the theater probably had not been reconstructed during the 4 th century and up to the 6 th century. The performances here had been probably different at that time. And in Chersonessus the Christian temples were built on the site of the theater only in the 6 th century, like in the other byzantine cities. Up to the 6 th century the municipal objects providing entertainment in Byzantine Empire were the theaters. Analyzing the archeological reports and publications by O.I. Dombrovsky who discovered the theater of Chersonessus in 1954 and taking into account the historic situation in the 4th century, we come to the conclusion that the theater could not discontinue its functioning only as a result of Christianity introduction. The reasons of its vanishing were possibly the inner crisis of dramatic arts itself that happened in the 4 th century as well as the administrative reform. Other than that, stratigraphic analysis of the architectural complex revealed that the most part of the theater probably had not been reconstructed during the 4 th century and up to the 6 th century. The performances here had been probably different at that time. And in Chersonessus the Christian temples were built on the site of the theater only in the 6th century, like in the other Byzantine cities.

Up to the 6 th century the municipal objects providing entertainment in Byzantine Empire were the theaters. Analyzing the archeological reports and publications by O.I. Dombrovsky who discovered the theater of Chersonessus in 1954 and taking into account the historic situation in the 4 th century we come to the conclusion that the theater could not discontinue its functioning only as a result of Christianity introduction. The reasons of its vanishing were possibly the inner crisis of dramatic arts itself that happened in the 4 th century as well as the administrative reform. Other than that, stratigraphic analysis of the architectural complex revealed that the most part of the theater probably had not been reconstructed during the 4 th century and up to the 6 th century. The performances here had been probably different at that time. And in Chersonessus the Christian temples were built on the site of the theater only in the 6 th century, like in the other byzantine cities. Up to the 6 th century the municipal objects providing entertainment in Byzantine Empire were the theaters. Analyzing the archeological reports and publications by O.I. Dombrovsky who discovered the theater of Chersonessus in 1954 and taking into account the historic situation in the 4th century, we come to the conclusion that the theater could not discontinue its functioning only as a result of Christianity introduction. The reasons of its vanishing were possibly the inner crisis of dramatic arts itself that happened in the 4 th century as well as the administrative reform. Other than that, stratigraphic analysis of the architectural complex revealed that the most part of the theater probably had not been reconstructed during the 4 th century and up to the 6 th century. The performances here had been probably different at that time. And in Chersonessus the Christian temples were built on the site of the theater only in the 6th century, like in the other Byzantine cities.