Decoding heritage: architectural anatomy of Kalang house principal facades in 19th–20th century Surakarta, Indonesia

One of the provisions for being a modern country is to preserve its history and exhibit that history to the service of humanity. The preservation of ‘cultural heritage’ created directly by humans or together with nature should be the joint effort of the whole of humanity. Historical artifacts may be damaged or totally destroyed due to neglect or various natural disasters. To maintain history from the past to the present, it is necessary to determine, document, repair and preserve the current situation of these historical artifacts. Different techniques are used in the documentation of cultural heritages in parallel with technological developments. Digital terrestrial photogrammetry has become a particularly important method used in this field in recent years. This study carried out a photogrammetric survey of Hizir Ilyas Mansion, situated in the town of Erkilet in the Kocasinan district of Kayseri. The mansion is situated on a tumulus, presumably built in the Hittites era in 2000 B.C. This mansion is a prominent artifact of Seljuk civil architecture and is presumed to have been built by a person named Ilyas in the 13th century. Photogrammetric measurements of the Hizir Ilyas Mansion were conducted with the digital terrestrial photogrammetry method. Scaled drawings, three-dimensional (3D) outline drawing and 3D photo models of the mansion were acquired from the measurements. This study shows that digital terrestrial photogrammetry provides great convenience in documentation studies regarding the maintenance of cultural and historical heritage; field surveys take a short time and all other work can be completed in the office. This study shows that documentation studies can be completed quickly and cheaply with digital terrestrial photogrammetry and also demonstrates that scaled archiving of historical and cultural heritage could be conducted digitally and 3D models could be obtained. In addition, 3D animation of the mansion was constructed from “AVI” format video files after the photogrammetric assessment. Key words: Hizir Ilyas mansion, photogrammetry, documentation, Kayseri, cultural heritage.

Preparation of present article was aiming to try to answer the following questions: why the responsible business conduct in the Republic of Kazakhstan needs to include the protection of tangible cultural heritage. Authors consider legal aspects of protection of cultural heritage of Kazakhstan, its international obligations in it to the sphere and the status of objects of material cultural heritage in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the level of UNESCO, the Republic of Kazakhstan has numerous official international obligations in protection of material cultural and natural heritage, which both the state and private organizations need to observe strictly. This system of the international obligations is complemented with the local legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan directed to preservation of objects of cultural and natural heritage. Additionally, this work will list the basic recommendations, following of which is going to guarantee the protection and conservation of tangible cultural heritage sites, as well as save the representatives of the business sphere from various risks and associated financial losses related to the damaging and destruction of tangible cultural heritage sites. In addition to compliance with Kazakhstani and international legislative bases in the field of protection and use of tangible cultural heritage, the most socially responsible organizations can also organize their own events to raise awareness of their employees about the need to protect tangible cultural heritage.Key words: responsible business conduct, cultural heritage, protection, conservation, legislation.

Cultural tourism can act as a driver for inner area development, bringing about a range of socio-economic benefits through economic stimulation, quality of life improvement, and cultural heritage preservation. Inner territories, set apart by geographic marginality and low population density, hold a rich cultural and environmental heritage that, however, remains off the radar and left behind. Guided by the principles of endogenous local development, this article seeks to contribute to the existing body of research by proposing potential strategies for local growth rooted in cultural tourism. From this perspective, we identified the Basilicata region (Southern Italy) as a proper test area. The region is rich in archaeological, monumental and museum evidence, but is characterized, except in a few areas, by a low rate of tourist turnout. Through a replicable, comprehensive, and flexible methodology—drawing on bibliographic research, analysis of archaeological, archival, erudite and antiquarian sources, and carrying out field surveys—the different points of interest in the region have been brought together under specific cultural themes. Results include the design of three detailed routes (Via Herculia, Frederick II’s, and St Michael’s cultural routes) useful for three different types of tourism (sustainable, emotional, and accessible). Possible scenarios for valorization and fruition are also proposed, paying particular attention to digital technologies. Thus, this research aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8 and 11 promoting cultural heritage valorization and preservation, shoring up economic revitalization, stepping up community engagement, and pushing forward environmentally friendly tourism practices. Research findings can attract the interest of a wide range of stakeholders such as tourism professionals, local authorities, cultural and creative industries, local communities and entrepreneurs, as well as academics and researchers. The methodological approach can be considered for the valorization and tourist enjoyment of inner areas in other countries, with particular focus on those falling within the Mediterranean region which is rich in cultural heritage, environmental value, and socio-economic potential.

The article deals with the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands under international agreements. It highlights the concept of the cultural and natural heritage of wetlands, and then discusses the protection of the world cultural heritage of wetlands within the framework of UNESCO. The article also identifies cultural values under the Ramsar Convention. It focuses on the assessment of international protection of world cultural and natural heritage in wetlands. Finally, the article refers to the World Heritage of the Wilderness Wetlands. The article contributes to clarifying the absence of an independent legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The Study concluded that international agreements do not establish explicit international obligations on states. Hence the need for an international convention dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The study also concluded that there is no judicial mechanism to limit the deterioration of cultural heritage in wetlands.

Метою статті є аналіз становлення та розвитку пам’яткоохоронного законодавства в Україні.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає в аналізі основних законодавчих і підзаконних актів України, завдяки яким відбулося реформування сфери охорони культурної спадщини в Україні та приведення її у відповідність до міжнародних норм і стандартів.
 Висновки. У законодавчому забезпеченні охорони культурної спадщини України можна до певної міри умовно виділити кілька етапів. Перший розпочався із прийняттям Декларації про державний суверенітет України від 16 липня 1990 р., яка започаткувала зміну державних підходів до культурної спадщини України, задекларувавши культурне відродження українського народу й необхідність повернення національних, культурних та історичних цінностей України, що знаходяться за її межами. Водночас базовим актом стали Основи законодавства України про культуру від 14 лютого 1992 р. Саме Основи законодавства України про культуру визначили правові засади діяльності органів публічної влади у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також започаткували процес формування Державного реєстру національного культурного надбання. Конституція України від 28 червня 1996 р. більш послідовно, у порівнянні з Конституцією УРСР, забезпечила гарантії культурних прав громадян та обов’язки держави щодо охорони культурної спадщини. На цьому етапі було ратифіковано ряд міжнародних актів у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також прийнято національні законодавчі й підзаконні акти, спрямовані на імплементацію цих норм у національне законодавство України, зокрема Закон України «Про вивезення, ввезення та повернення культурних цінностей» від 21 вересня 1999 р. Другий етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про охорону культурної спадщини» від 8 червня 2000 р., в якому враховані основні тенденції міжнародно-правового забезпечення охорони культурної спадщини, зокрема положення Конвенції ЮНЕСКО про охорону всесвітньої культурної і природної спадщини 1972 р. Законом урегульовані права та обов’язки суб’єктів охорони культурної спадщини, а також порядок формування Державного реєстру нерухомих пам’яток України за категоріями національного й місцевого значення. На цьому етапі ухвалені й такі важливі нормативні акти, як Закон України «Про охорону археологічної спадщини» від 18 березня 2004 р. і Загальнодержавна програма збереження та використання об’єктів культурної спадщини на 2004–2010 роки, затверджена Законом України від 20 квітня 2004 р. Третій етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про культуру» від 14 грудня 2010 р. і триває донині. На цьому етапі ухвалено ряд важливих змін до законодавства, спрямованих на приведення українського пам’яткоохоронного законодавства до міжнародних норм і стандартів, зокрема щодо збереження пам’яток культурної спадщини, включених до Списку всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО.

<p>Some countries have proven to be advanced by managing their historical and cultural heritage and promoting it internationally. Japan and South Korea are living examples, who transform the war site not only into national defense heritage but also bring it to the international level. The management of historical heritage is crucial to enhance people's awareness of the importance of national defense. However, many of Indonesia's historical relics are still neglected or poorly managed, even though many historical and cultural heritages have the potential to become tourist attractions. This article aims to discuss how to manage Indonesian historical and cultural heritage to enhance nationalism and patriotism. Proper management of historical and cultural heritage will increase the love of the motherland. The research method is done by a qualitative research method as well as literature studies. This study proves that the management of culture and historical heritage of Indonesia, especially those related to the national struggle, is still largely ignored. Moreover, Indonesia even lacks in managing its historical and cultural heritage. Therefore, Indonesia has to improve the management of its cultural and historical heritage so that it can be promoted to the global world as an object of tourism to increase the nationalism of the younger generation.</p>

Before and after Climate Change: The Snow Country in Australian Imaginaries

The article is dedicated to the study of the role of public administration mechanisms in tourism development and their impact on historical heritage recognition. The aim of this article is to determine the mechanisms for public administration of tourism development and how this affects the recognition of historical heritage. The article analyses the scientific literature on this issue. The article provides statistical data on damage to historical heritage as a result of Russian aggression. It is noted that today cultural and historical heritage is actively used to organise various types of cognitive tourism. An important component of cultural and historical recreational resources of a particular region is its historical and cultural heritage. According to the authors, historical heritage should be considered in conjunction with cultural and historical heritage, as history and culture are complementary elements. Preserving cultural and historical heritage sites is important for the tourism sector development. In this case, public administration mechanisms of the tourism sector and its impact on the preservation of historical heritage are of great importance.

This article discusses the diversity of historical heritage found in Langsa City which has the potential to become a sustainable historical heritage. This paper also describes how to realize sustainable tourism based on history and culture and improve the quality of life of the community by utilizing historical and cultural heritage. The research was conducted in Langsa city, Aceh province, Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach by conducting observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. Based on the findings and facts in the field, identify three potentials that can become icons for the development of historical and cultural tourism. The first is the historical heritage in the form of physical, the second is in the form of culture and the third is the historical heritage in the form of culinary. This diversity of historical heritage-based sustainable tourism has not received much attention in the study of sustainable tourism. This is because tourism infrastructure such as destinations and human resources have not been well prepared. In addition, the involvement of public participation to help realize sustainable tourism is still not optimal. Tourism by utilizing historical heritage capital is very important for the environment and society. and have an impact on the local and national economy. Realizing sustainable tourism based on historical and cultural heritage is done by implementing destination management, so that each type of tourism gets the same attention so that all tourism sectors can progress together, increase the quality of tourism, and can benefit all parties. It is also recommended to build good cooperation between the government, the community and the private sector in developing sustainable tourism based on historical and cultural heritage. Cultural heritage buildings that have received status and are being proposed by the government as cultural heritage so that their maintenance and utilization can be optimal. In addition, it is necessary to open spaces for collaboration between the government, academia and the community in the development of sustainable tourism based on historical heritage.

I. INTRODUCTION II. CULTURAL & NATURAL HERITAGE: AN OVERVIEW A. Cultural Heritage B. Natural Heritages C. Nature Conservation Strategies Worldwide D. The Links Between Cultural and Natural Heritage E. Characteristics of Sites of Overlapping Cultural & Natural Heritage III. The Present and Future of Integrated Cultural & Natural Heritage Management A. Challenges Posed to Protecting Cultural and Natural Heritage B. Existing Legal/Regulatory Efforts to Protect Cultural and Natural Heritage 1. Developed Countries a. The United States b. The European Union (1) England (a) National Parks (b) Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (c) Conservation Areas (2) Dartmoor National Park (a) The Dartmoor Local Plan (b) Local Plan Aims (c) Local Plan Landscapes c. Canada 2. Developing Countries a. China b. Brazil IV. CONCLUSION A. Why Integrate Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection? B. Bridging Boundaries for Mutual Gain I. INTRODUCTION Formal legal efforts to protect cultural and natural heritage are not a modern phenomenon. In the developed and developing worlds, regional, state, and local governments undertake efforts to protect their cultural heritage and their natural resources. Most cultural and natural resource protection regimes, however, have evolved independently of one another. This is only recently beginning to change. As scholars, regulators, and activists increasingly recognize the links and overlap between areas of cultural and natural heritage, they are beginning to come together to develop new regimes for joint cultural and environmental protection. These early efforts jointly to protect cultural and natural heritage vary significantly in character and success. These variations reflect a still vague and evolving understanding of the interplay between culture and nature, the relationship between public and private land ownership, and significant regional differences in existing legal regimes, economic development, and environmental agendas. Further, there is currently very little comprehensive research examining global efforts to develop heritage protection areas that integrate both cultural and natural resource conservation. There is even less research analyzing how relationships between land ownership and social conceptions of culture and nature impact the development of future cultural and natural heritage programs. The goal of this paper is to contribute to and encourage the development of innovative, interdisciplinary approaches for the protection, preservation, and enhancement of natural and cultural heritage areas. The second section of this paper examines traditional notions and regulatory regimes for cultural and natural heritage protection, and delves into the links between cultural and natural heritage. Section three analyzes existing cultural heritage and environmental/natural protection laws, and provides examples of joint cultural and natural heritage preservation efforts. In particular, section three considers how current and prospective joint cultural and natural heritage protection efforts in developed and developing countries contribute to the social and economic development of communities and regions, and advance the principles of sustainable development by strengthening the historical continuity of a place and its people, and by guiding development in ways consistent with the characteristics of these cultural and natural resources. Additionally, section three examines case studies in the United States, Europe, Canada, Brazil, and China to demonstrate the challenges and critical elements integral to developing innovative and sustainable cultural and natural heritage preservation schemes. …

The role of culture in Caribbean Community’s (CARICOM’s) agenda is claimed to be very important. The CARICOM Secretariat has a culture program, aiming to strengthen the creativity of people. CARICOM annually manages the Caribbean Festival of Arts (CARIFESTA). A huge issue is that of the cultural restitutions. Most CARICOM Member States have become States Parties to International Conventions related to cultural heritage. Sadly, all international Conventions concerning protection of cultural heritage do not have retroactive effect. There is also a CARICOM commission on reparations for slavery and native genocide against the governments of Britain, France and the Netherlands, the transatlantic slave trade, between the 16th to 19th centuries, being much associated with the Caribbean heritage. Languages are important for the cultural identity of people. It may be stated on CARICOM’s site that “Our languages are part of the legacy of the various civilisations from which our ancestors came”, but it is also stated that “[f]or many member states, the English Language is a major unifying factor”. Indigenous languages should be of more concern to CARICOM. The creation of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) in 2005, is considered very important toward the Caribbean integration and thus, also to the protection of the region’s culture and cultural heritage – important part of their identity. However, only 4 Member States so far have accepted the CCJ as their Highest Court of Appeal. CARICOM should be more active in regard to the protection of culture and cultural heritage of its Member States.

Changes in rainfall patterns, humidity, and temperature, as well as greater exposure to severe weather events, has led to the need for adapting cultural heritage to climate change. However, there is limited research accomplished to date on the process of adaptation of cultural heritage to climate change. This paper examines the perceptions of experts involved in the management and preservation of cultural heritage on adaptation to climate change risks. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts from the UK, Italy, and Norway as well as a participatory workshop with stakeholders. The results indicate that the majority of interviewees believe that adaptation of cultural heritage to climate change is possible. Opportunities for, barriers to, and requirements for adapting cultural heritage to climate change, as perceived by the interviewees, provided a better understanding of what needs to be provided and prioritized for adaptation to take place and in its strategic planning. Knowledge of management methodologies incorporating climate change impacts by the interviewees together with best practice examples in adapting cultural heritage to climate change are also reported. Finally, the interviewees identified the determinant factors for the implementation of climate change adaptation. This paper highlights the need for more research on this topic and the identification and dissemination of practical solutions and tools for the incorporation of climate change adaptation in the preservation and management of cultural heritage.

This chapter takes a futures perspective to the legal protection of African Cultural Heritage as countries review and improve their heritage legislations to meet emerging opportunities and challenges. As most of the legal regimes protecting cultural heritage on the continent have been extensively discussed, the researchers focussed on expected impacts of the unfolding developments in technology, and global interests in heritage and development, on protection and preservation of cultural heritage. UNESCO has positioned culture as the fourth pillar of development after social, economic and environmental factors. Innovation and industrialisation are terms that have assumed major use in recent years, while information and communication technologies (ICTs), digital economies and intellectual property have also assumed significance in economic development. Through a detailed study of relevant heritage laws in many African countries ranging from Acts of Parliament, Ordinances, By-laws, statutory instruments to policies, the chapter explores how African countries are dealing with four emerging issues in heritage management which are; utilisation of cultural heritage for economic beneficiation; the role of cultural heritage in innovation and industrialisation; impacts of digital technology on heritage protection and preservation; and lastly, protection of Intellectual Property (IP) arising from utilisation of cultural heritage. The study showed that these matters are rarely dealt with in existing legal protective mechanisms protecting cultural heritage in Africa, yet, these are the major issues in other areas of governance in most countries including Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya, Zambia to mention but a few. The chapter goes on to urge cultural heritage professionals and legal minds to brace up for the ramifications of these four issues on the protection of cultural heritage in Africa.

The purpose of this research is to assess the geography of visitors, problems and prospects for the growth of tourist flows of cultural and historical heritage on the example of Ivano-Frankivsk and Transcarpathian regions along the cross-border highway. The subject of the research is the analysis of the results of sociological research of historical and cultural heritage sites, assessment of the geography of visitors, problems and prospects for tourism flows, the state of use of cultural heritage sites in the studied region and their development as tourist attractions. The object of research is the system of tourist services provided by tourist sites of historical and cultural heritage, represented by historical and cultural reserves, museums, sacred buildings and other attractive cultural sites. The scientific novelty of the study is that development trends, problems, prospects for tourist flows in historical and cultural heritage of the Carpathian region of Ukraine were identified for the first time by analyzing the results of sociological research through a survey of a representative sample. Methodologically, according to the authors of the article, the study conducted with voluntary information from persons who work, manage or own a tourist facility is the most accurate, as it includes the expert assessment of persons who are permanently on the site. According to the results, the number of visits to most tourist sites does not exceed 5,000 people per year. The only facility that has received more than 100,000 visitors in the last two pandemic years is the attractive Hutsul Land in Bukovel. Geography of domestic tourists – the vast majority are tourists from Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kyiv region and the capital city (Kyiv). Geography of foreign visitors – the vast majority are tourists from Poland, Germany, USA, Hungary, Slovakia. More than half of the facilities in the survey are free for tourists, and the cost of a third of the facilities is not more than two dollars. The main problems for the growth of tourist flows are underdeveloped infrastructure as a significant barrier to the development of the tourist facility, insufficient finances for development; insufficient number of attractions within the facilities, insufficient number of cultural events held in tourist destinations. Insufficient advertising of a tourist sites closes the top five problems. Such data indicate the need to develop tourist facilities, provide management of institutions with more information about services and ways to increase the attractiveness of facilities and increase their monetization. The ways to solve the problems of the development of tourist facilities, according to their management, are the need for additional funding; solving problems with the infrastructure tourist destinations; the need to improve advertising; cooperation with tour operators, etc.

The article deals with the review of historical memory of Pakistan. The historiography of different aspects of historical heritage and history of Pakistan are analyzed. The author examines the cooperation between the government of Pakistan and UNESCO. The author describes the features of functioning of oral history of Pakistan and most popular non-governmental organizations, which study historical heritage of this country. In order to build a successful modern state, it is necessary to pay particular attention to the specifics of the formation of historical memory, as it is designed to perform the creative function of nation-building, as it also serves as an indicator of socio-economic development in a particular country. A review of such practices on using the example of Pakistan demonstrates the importance of an active government dialogue with international organizations on issues related to the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. The analysis of the state of research and preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage of Pakistan allows us to distinguish several levels of study of this problem area. These are, first and foremost, the regulatory mechanisms of the Pakistani authorities, which cooperate with UNESCO on the issues related to the inclusion of Pakistani historical sites to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Other important public institutions, that preserve and disseminate historical memory together with the government, include the Heritage Foundation of Pakistan, the Khairpur Heritage Centre, and the 1947 Partition Archive. These institutions deal with the preservation of cultural heritage, historical monuments and the development of oral history in Pakistan. Studying the experience of interpreting the past and the policy of preserving cultural and historical heritage in such an internally unstable state as Pakistan will aid to understand the level of interaction between state, public and international institutions in addressing this issue.