Decentralized Trust: NFT and blockchain-enabled evidence system using fog computing

Empiricism in the use of nutrient solutions is frequent. Several times the same nutrient solution is used to grow different species based only on morphological similarities. This practice may lead to nutritional imbalances, affecting not only the production but also the quality of the product due to an accumulation of nitrate. An experiment under hydroponic conditions - the NFT system - was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of the concentration of nitrogen in the nutrient solution on the production and on the nutrient and nitrate contents of rocket (Eruca sativa) salad leaves. The experiment was carried out in spring 2003, in a randomized block design and in a 4 x 3 factorial design, with four replicates. Four nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution (60.8; 121.6; 182.5; 243.5 mg L-1) and three rocket salad cultivars (Cultivada, Folha Larga and Selvática) were evaluated. Cv. Cultivada produced the tallest plants and the highest leaf fresh fitomass, not differing from cv. 'Folha Larga' in the number of leaves, leaf nitrate content, root dry fitomass and root fresh fitomass. An increment in NO3, N, Ca and P and a reduction in Mg, K and S occurred when the concentration of N in the nutrient solution was increased. Cultivation of cv. Cultivada at the concentration of 93 mg L-1 is the most recommended as it provides the highest yield and low nitrate content.

The research was done in the Hortinvest greenhouses, which belong to the Quality Research Center Control of Agri-food Products, Faculty of Horticulture, UASMV - Bucharest. Two varieties of Thyme were studied, ‘Marcela’ and ‘Timijan’. Seedlings for the establishment of culture in the NFT system. Insignificant discrepancies between the two research groups’ results were found at the height of the thyme plants. Years 2020, 2021, between the Marcela, Timijan, and control varieties of thyme, and the control variation regarded as the average of the experiments, respectively. The height of the wild thyme plants (Thymus vulgaris) in 2020 was higher for the Timijan variety (37.5 cm) compared to the Marcela variety (34.55 cm). In 2021, in the case of both varieties, the height of the plants was lower compared to that of 2020, i.e. of 31.83 cm for the Timijan variety and of 30.87 cm for the Marcela variety. The average for the two years of crops (2020-2021) was found to be for the plant height of 34.67 cm for the Timijan variety and of 32.71 cm for the Marcela variety. After 30 days from planting in the NFT system, as an average for two years of testing, the fresh wild thyme plants had average weights between 179.7 g for the Timijan variety and 176.9 g for the Marcela variety. We found that in 2020, the plants had a higher average weight compared to 2021. In 2021, the average weight obtained was of 186.25 g for the Marcela variety and of 183.84 g for the Timijan variety. during two years (2020 and 2021) are valuable due to their biochemical composition in the leaves, as well as in the leaves and inflorescences, and can be advised to be grown in the NFT system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different replacement methods of nutrient solution (complete replacement, electrical conductivity (EC)- based replacement, and replacing based on the plant needs) and different LED light spectra (monochromic white, red, blue, and a combination of red/blue) on the uptake of mineral nutrients, water and electricity consumption and biomass production of two varieties of lettuce (Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda; Lactuca sativa var. crispa) in the hydroponic systems. The results showed that replacement methods based on the plant needs and based on EC increased shoot fresh mass and yield index in the NFT system. Also, results showed that the combination of red/blue light increased shoot fresh mass and yield index in the NFT system and in the plant factory under treatment by replacement method based on plant needs. Increasing the concentrations of N, K, and Zn and loss of Fe in nutrient solution were observed in all three replacement methods of nutrient solution in the NFT system. Water consumption was decreased under plant nutrition based on plant needs and based on EC. In the plant factory, the application of LED light spectrum also decreased electricity consumption and cost against fluorescent lamps. In general, it is concluded that nutrient solution replacement based on the plant needs and based on EC and the use of different LED light spectra (especially the combination of red and blue light) can be used to reduce the consumption of water and nutrients in the hydroponic cultivation of lettuce.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of calla lily in an NFT system. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using a 2 x 2 factorial scheme in a completely randomized design (CRD), with fifteen replications. The treatments were a combination of two hydroponic profiles (100 and 150 mm of height) and two nutrient solutions. Calla lily plantlets obtained from rhizome buds in trays containing nutrient solution, were transferred to a laminar flow of nutrients, and the experiment lasted 12 months. The height of stems and inflorescences were evaluated, as well as the length and diameter of the inflorescence, the number of flowers per plant and number of flowers per m2 . Growing calla lily plants in an NFT system is feasible. The nutrient solution with the highest concentration of nutrients, particularly N and K, and the profile of 150 mm, are the most suitable for the production of calla lily as a cut flower in a laminar flow of nutrients.

The objective of this research is to analyse the financial feasibility of a hydroponic urban farming business in Semarang City that uses an NFT system. The census method was employed to conduct the research on 52 independent hydroponic farmers who adopted the NFT system. Quantitative descriptive methods were implemented to analyse the data based on financial feasibility criteria. The research findings indicate that the average ROI (Return On Investment) is 17.62%, the PP (Payback Period) is 1 year, 3 months, and 14 days, the NPV (Net Present Value) is IDR 58,753,215,-, the BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) is 1.71, and the IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is 33.48%. The conclusion of this research indicate that the hydroponic urban farming business in Semarang City, which employs the NFT system, is profitable or viable.

hydroponic culture is the fastest growing sector of agriculture, and it could be impetus for food production in the future. It is expected to grow exponentially also in the future, as conditions of growing soil becoming difficult. In the current study, the effect of different rootstocks on cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo L.) F1 hybrid Galia and the reflection of that on water consumption, growth, nutrient uptake, fruit yield and quality were studied for two successive seasons 2016 and 2017 by comparing grafted plants with non-grafted ones under two systems of hydroponic (Nutrient Film Technique and substrate culture mixture of 1 peat, 1 vermiculite and1 perlite). The Galia cantaloupe hybrid was grafted onto Lagenaria sicenaria and Cucurbita ficifolia. Non-grafted plants were used as control with both soilless culture systems. The results indicated that NFT as soilless culture system led to significant increase on plant growth characters i.e. plant height, leaves number/plant and stem thickness compared to traditional growing media. Grafting positively affected plant growth i.e. plant height, leaf number and stem thickness. Water consumption was affected also by grafting where the highest water consumption was recorded with cantaloupe plants grown in NFT system and grafted into Lagenaria sicenaria rootstock. Although growing media saved water use by plants from 85-87% in comparison with estimated water requirement calculated according pan evaporation method, the yield was low with using media cultivation system in comparison with yield of the plants grown in NFT system which saved only 39-41% of estimated water requirement increases in fruit yield and fruit size were recorded with grafted plants and this clear which may be due to utilization of the vigorous root system of the rootstocks. These grafted plants also shows increasing in minerals uptake when compared with nongrafted plantsIn general, plants grown in NFT system produced fruits characterized with superior quality, high yield, rapid harvest, and high nutrient content.

Hydroponic technology is one way to grow crops on a small piece of land. Homes in urban areas can use this approach. The purpose of this community service is to increase the role of members of the Women Farmers Group (KWT) in the use of small urban yards using hydroponic technology, especially for KWT Agro 40 in Pilahan Village, Kotagede, Yogyakarta City. In this program, the empowerment of group members is achieved through counseling, training on demonstration plots, mentoring, oversight, and evaluation. Members of KWT Agro 40 are knowledgeable and skilled in using their yard to grow vegetables using hydroponic methods, allowing them to use their yard to improve family nutrition and income. This community service resulted in one hydroponic installation with the NFT system (Nutrient Film Technique) and 5 hydroponic installations with the wick system. Hydroponics technology made with the NFT system is placed in the group garden, while for hydroponics with the wick system it is placed in the group garden and in the homes of KWT members. The harvest from this hydroponic technology can meet the needs of healthy and nutritious vegetables and can reduce family expenses.

Agriculture plays a critical role in a country's economy and in meeting people's food needs. Farming has become a major challenge in recent years as land availability has decreased as a result of increased urbanisation. The loss of natural fertility and poor soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation are major issues in agriculture. Many new technologies have emerged to address these issues. One of the techniques is hydroponics. The cultivation of tomatoes using the NFT system has been discussed in this paper. This paper discussed the installation process, growth monitoring, and the use of various nutrients to increase yield. If you have a small backyard, you will need a minimum amount of space to install the system. Keywords: Hydroponics, NFT, Micronutrients and Macronutrients

The effect of phosphorus application rates on growth and cut flower quality of chrysanthemum cv. Shuhounochikara plants grown using a nitrogen application curve in NFT system was investigated.The phosphorus treatments consisted of four P : N ratios ; P being 6, 12, 18, and 24%of the amount of initial nitrogen applied. In the fifth treatment plot, 24 ppm phosphorus were applied, which was equivalent to 12% of the nitrogen supply. In this treatment, however, nitrogen was not supplied along a nitrogen application curve, but was applied and adjusted on a weekly basis to 200 ppm.Plants of P 6%plot had shorter flower stems and had incipient symptoms of phosporus deficiency. In the P 12% plot, plants grew and flowered normally, and produced high quality cut flowers. However, plants of both the P 18% and P 24% plots exhibited symptoms of excess phosphorus and had short flower stems. Plants of the P24 ppm plot flowered normally, but had excessively large leaves and stems for marketable cut flower.Based on these results, the optimum applied phosphorus to nitrogen ratio, along nitrogen application curve in NFT system was 12 : 100.

Etridiazole and furalaxyl inhibited growth of Pythium irregulare in agar at 0.1 and 1 mg l-1, respectively, but sporulation was not inhibited by 10 and 5 mg I-'. In stationary hydroponic nutrients, recovery of P. irregulare declined with increasing concentrations of etridiazole and furalaxyl above 10 mg l-1 and with increasing duration of exposure to concentrations below 10 mg l-1. Zoospores of Phytophthora cryptogea were dispersed throughout recirculating nutrient film (NFT) systems, but few were recovered by plating nutrients sampled 1 h after inoculation. The fungus was detected by baiting nutrients up to 5 days after inoculation, but was not detected in nutrients treated with 20 mg l-1 furalaxyl. Concentrations of furalaxyl in the NFT system declined by 50% over 7 days. Furalaxyl significantly increased sodium levels in the NFT nutrients. Cucumber plants growing in furalaxyl-treated nutrients contained significantly higher levels of sodium and iron and decreased levels of zinc; fruit yields were significantly decreased but there were no effects on leaf or stem dry matter. Disease did not develop on cucumber plants growing in an NFT system inoculated with P. cryptogea. Pot experiments indicated the fungus was pathogenic at temperatures of 10/15�C, and seed treatment with thiram was ineffective in controlling the pathogen. The management of P. cryptogea in NFT systems by furalaxyl or controlled environments is discussed.

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L. west) is a 7th important & highly endangered medicinal plant of India. Market size is forecasted to reach $320 million by 2026. Conventional production, takes 3-4 months for harvesting, is highly influenced by environmental conditions. Hydroponic is an ancient method of growing plants in soil less system with roots submerged in water with mineral nutrients and dissolved Oxygen (DO). By providing proper nutrients and controlled environmental conditions, large population of plants can be grown in relatively small area & all through the year. Thus, we can obtain optimum production rapidly as compared to conventional farming. So, present study is aimed to identify suitable nutrient and environmental conditions for brahmi commercial cultivation in hydroponic system. Experiments were carried out with 5 to 6 twigs of 5-8cm long / net pots in four hydroponic systems (NFT, DFT, DWC and vertical) with inert supporting materials ( clay bubbles, cocopeat and foam). Hogland, NPK, Grow Micro Bloom, plant decomposed extracts and Syngenta fertilizer were used as nutrients. Environmental parameters, temperature, pH, DO, EC and TDS were tested at three (high, control, low) levels. Shoot and root lengths; fresh and dry weights were measured after 45 days from 7-10 samples from all repeats /experiment. Data was pooled and mean and SE was calculated.Brahmi growth was observed to be high in NFT system followed by DFT system with cocopeat as physical support system. According to shoot root length and fresh and dry weight, Syngenta fertilizer found to be a suitable nutrient. While in physical conditions temperature (35-450C), pH (6.1-6.5), DO (4.0-4.4mg/l), EC (1.8-2.2 ms/cm) and TDS (500-600 ppm) and found to be suitable for optimum brahmi production in NFT system with cocopeat and Syngenta as nutrient. Thus, Hydroponics is a suitable method of cultivation of herbaceous medicinal plants like brahmi. Under controlled environmental conditions with suitable nutrients supply, optimum production can be achieved in relatively short time than the conventional farming.

1. 非結球性のレタス(サラダナ)を材料にし, NFTシステムを用いて, 無機成分吸収に及ぼす培養液濃度の影響を調査した.2. 本試験で採用した無機成分吸収量の測定方法は, イオン交換水を自動補給して, システム内の培養液を一定容量に保持しながら, 培養液濃度の低下速度から求める方法である.本システムによりレタスの無機成分吸収速度に及ぼす培養液の無機成分濃度の短期的な影響が明らかになった.3. レタスのN, P, Kは, いずれの成分の養分吸収速度も, 高濃度から1 me・liter-1程度の低濃度まで広い培養液濃度範囲で, あまり変化しなかった.つまり, レタスのN, P, K吸収速度は培養液濃度に直接的に影響されなかった.4. NH4-N濃度の低下速度は極めて速かったが, これはNH4-Nの吸収濃度比(培養液中の濃度に対するみかけの吸収濃度の比)が他の無機成分に比べて高いことが原因であると考えた.5. N, P, Kの吸収速度が培養液濃度にあまり影響されなかったことから, 養液栽培における培養液管理濃度は現状よりかなり低く設定できると考えられる.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Sunlight) seedlings grown under the NFT system were administered 6 or 12 me·liter-1 K from the onset of the experiment to which nitrate-free solution was added 6 days prior to harvest (Experiment 1) or K solutions were added with the nitrate-free solution simultaneously 6 days before harvest (Experiment 2). At harvest the leaf nitrate, ascorbic acid, potassium concentrations, and the residual mineral concentration in the hydroponic solution were determined. No significant reduction in the yield was observed in Exp. 1 in which plants grown in the NFT system were administered 12 me·liter-1 K from the onset of the trial and supplemented with nitrate-N free solution 6 days before harvest. The leaf-nitrate content decreased significantly in plants adiministered 6 and 12 me·liter-1 K with nitrate-free solution 6 days before harvest. The residual nitrate-N in the nutrient solution decreased by approximately 32% at 12 me·liter-1 K as compared to plants exposed to 6 me·liter-1 K in the supplemental nutrient solution. In Experiment 2, in which plants were supplied with low nitrate concentration and 6 or 12 me·liter-1 K in the same hydroponic solution 6 days before harvest, an economically satisfactory yield was obtained. The leaf-nitrate content decreased significantly by lowering nitrate-N concentration, but no significant difference in the leaf-nitrate content was noted between the N-free and N-plus treatments whether the K concentration was 6 or 12 me·liter-1. However, the nitrate-N level in the nutrient solution decreased by 24% at 12 me·liter-1 as compared with that of the 6 me·liter-1 K in the supplemental solution.

The more rapid growth of technology allows humans to work effectively and efficiently. Technology proves the way humans change patterns of significant social change, from those that initially used human power to machines. The way humans use machines is inseparable from the ways and techniques of its use which are effective and efficient. One of the technologies used is the technology of crop cultivation without using soil as a planting medium. The technology introduced is hydroponics. Hydroponics as a way of farming is an approach that has several advantages, namely the use of agricultural land that is not extensive, and the system is not too complicated. The introduction of this technology aims to provide insight and knowledge to the public about the technology of crop cultivation in addition to conventional farming systems. This activity was carried out in Rayung gumuk Village, Glagah District, Lamongan Regency. The hydroponic system that we introduce is the NFT hydroponic system (Nutrient Film Technique). The goal is because the hydroponic system is easily applied and has several significant advantages. The first method of implementation is socialization.This is done to find out the extent to which people's insights and knowledge about hydroponics and the interests and interests of the community towards hydroponic using the NFT system. Moreover, the second is training. It aims to provide techniques and methods for assembling NFT hydroponic installations. From the results of our activities, the community's response to hydroponics is still minimal because some of them still consider hydroponic use too costly and their disinterest in agriculture.

In soilless culture, the buffering capacity of the root environment for nutrients is low. This, combined with fluctuations of climatic factors and changes in nutrient uptake rates, can lead to nutrient imbalances. In order to achieve high yield and better quality, it is necessary to keep the nutrient concentrations in the root environment at the target levels. This requires frequent analysis and adjustments to the nutrient solution. Currently, leaching of the growing media or renewal of the nutrient solution is commonly used to avoid accumulation or depletion of nutrient in the root environment. However, this practice lowers the efficiency of fertilizers and can lead to the contamination of the ground water. One way to remedy to this problem is through the use of nutrients uptake models to track the composition of the nutrient solutions. The objective of this study was to develop such models. Such models can be used to maintain balanced nutrient solutions for longer periods. This can lead to reduced leaching and improved fertilizer use efficiency. Macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) uptake models were developed for tomato plants grown in an NFT system using data collected from experiments conducted in the Laval Univ. greenhouses. Analysis of the experimental results showed that the main factors affecting nutrients uptakes are light and transpiration.