Data & Stata do-file for Refugees Unwelcome? Changes in the Public Acceptance of Immigrants and Refugees in Germany in the Course of Europe’s 'Immigration Crisis'

Розглянуто проблему сучасної міграційної кризи в країнах ЄС, основні загрози безпеки зовнішніх кордонів ЄС та загострення міжетнічних конфліктів. Проаналізовано сучасну міграційну політику країн ЄС, розкрито основні підходи до вирішення міграційних проблем, висвітлено проблеми інтеграції мігрантів у європейські суспільства, заходи, які застосовують окремі європейські держави у боротьбі із нелегальною міграцією, а також наголошено на необхідності вдосконалення сучасної міграційної політики країн ЄС, розробки нових умов та принципів адаптації мігрантів, що застосовуватимуться Україною. Відзначено, що прагнення України стати рівноправним членом світової та європейської спільноти вимагає від нашої держави неухильного дотримання міжнародних угод та стандартів у сфері захисту прав людини, одним з яких є свобода вільного переміщення громадян. Україна, в силу свого геополітичного розташування, стала транзитною країною для багатьох шукачів кращого життя. У цьому потоці певний відсоток становлять люди, що змушені шукати притулок. Ці люди не можуть розраховувати на захист своїх урядів, і в цьому відрізняються від інших мігрантів, у яких би тяжких умовах ці мігранти не знаходилися, а також від інших груп людей, які мають потребу в гуманітарному захисті. Також автор намагається проаналізувати питання нелегальної міграції до країн європейського континенту, що було викликано і спровоковано напливом біженців із територій, де активно ведуться військові дії та масові збройні конфлікти; робиться спроба висловлення пропозицій та шляхів їх розв’язання. Також сформульовано поняття «європейська міграційна криза», що застосовується для визначення ситуації, яка склалася в країнах Європейського Союзу внаслідок процесів нелегальної міграції біженців. Проаналізовано ключові проблеми нелегальної міграції, розглянуто основні заходи, що здійснюються ЄС задля врегулювання напливу мігрантів, визначено рівень їх ефективності. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності вдосконалення міграційної політики як на рівні країн-учасниць ЄС, України, так і Європейським Союзом загалом.

This thesis empirically investigates three different aspects of immigration policies in Germany. In Chapter 2, I analyze whether the economic assimilation of refugees differs from the assimilation of economic immigrants. To create and implement effective immigration policies, it is necessary to understand the heterogeneity of different immigration groups. As a large part of low-skilled immigrants in the OECD originates from asylum seekers and low-skilled immigrants are a main target of immigration policies, a deeper understanding of that group is of high relevance. Moreover, immigration via the asylum system will most likely present an important channel for immigration in the future, given events like the recent refugee crisis in the European Union. If immigration policy tries to improve the economic integration of refugees, the peculiarities of the group of refugees should be taken into account designing policy measures.
\nChapters 3 and 4 analyze the effects of a particular policy instrument, the acquisition of citizenship. Naturalization grants an immigrant the citizenship of the host country by giving the immigrant the equal rights as the native population. It is predominantly directed to immigrants who have spent several years in the host country and requires specific criteria to be met. The third chapter which is joint work with Christina Gathmann investigates the effect of citizenship acquisition on the economic integration of immigrants. Making use of a novel identification strategy which is based on two policy reforms, we identify the causal effect of citizenship on various economic outcomes. An earlier version of this paper was circulated in the IZA Working Paper series (Gathmann and Keller, 2014). The fourth paper which is joint work with Christina Gathmann and Ole Monscheuer broadens the scope on the effects of citizenship acquisition and analyzes the impact of naturalization on the social integration of immigrants. In particular, we investigate the effects of naturalization on fertility and marriage patterns of immigrants. Despite the primary interest in the labor market effects of immigration policies, these policies might also have significant impact on other dimensions of integration. Previous research has shown that attitudes of natives toward immigrants and immigration in general are not only shaped by their economic impacts (i.e., on wages and taxes), but also on social and cultural differences (e.g., Card et al., 2012; Dustmann and Preston, 2007). Thus, the effects of immigration policies on social integration outcomes are also highly relevant, especially for policy makers which are confined by the public perception of immigration in general.

This paper examines British Columbia press responses to Jewish persecution in Nazi Germany and Eastern Europe from 1933 to 1939. Using the Vancouver Jewish community paper as its focus, the study juxtaposes its responses with three non-Jewish papers. Vancouver Jews responded to the persecution of their coreligionists in Germany and Europe by countering neutral and skeptical reporting in the mainstream papers with explicit reporting of persecution. They tried to catalyze divided Jewish communities toward a common effort to help European Jews through fundraising efforts and lobbied for Canada to allow Jewish refugees. By 1938, they adapted to appeal to mainstream Canadian views by calling for “refugees” and “immigrants” to enter the country. They dispelled myths circulated in the non-Jewish papers about refugees and worked to change minds and gather support to convince Canada to open its doors. Finally, they emphasized that the threat of fascism was a crisis of civilization.

Infectious and non-communicable health conditions among newly arrived Eritrean migrants and refugees at arrival and post integration in Switzerland

Teaching young refugees at schools - A challenge for teachers. Specifics and characteristics of refugee education, required skills and possible education opportunities for teachers The number of (un)accompanied refugee minors in Germany has reached an unrivaled level as has the number of them in the German education and school system. Neither the current state of research nor the education of teachers meet this constantly growing target audience. The present study attempts to characterize the process of teaching young refugees as pupils in German schools and to discover the skills which teachers are required to have for the purpose of teaching refugee minors in the German education system. The intention of the study is to reduce the academic void in the research field of educational science and to set the scientifical foundation for future education opportunities for teachers who work with young refugees in Germany. To answer the research questions 16 guided interviews have been conducted with 8 teachers of minor refugees and 8 experts who are associated with the research topic. The analysis of the interviews was implemented by the use of qualitative content analysis. The results of the analysis are five specific characteristics of school teaching for refugee minors in Germany: (1) highly motivated students, (2) conflicts in the classroom, which are often a result of the precarious circumstances of the students’ backgrounds, (3) impacts of the students‘ experiences and their current situation (traumatization, asylum procedure, housing situation, etc.), (4) the students’ language skills and the focus on acquisition of German as a erudite language as well as (5) strong heterogeneity in the classroom concerning various aspects. The explored teacher skills like frustration tolerance, flexibility, conflict management, handling of heterogeneity and intercultural competence already exist in general models concerning teachers’ skills or recommondations for required teachers’ skills and knowledge. There is one field of competence which can be described as exclusively important for teachers who educate refugee minors: the knowledge of and the consideration for the current situation and the former experiences of the young refugees. This field of competence can be split up into three category groups: (1) escape, traumatization and possible results of experiences, (2) migration experience and process as well as integration in Germany together with (3) living conditions and circumstances in Germany as a young refugee (housing situation, asylum procedure, legal situation, youth welfare services, right of education). The results indicate that the skills teachers should be required to have for educating students – no matter if they are natives, migrants or refugees – are not considered in the academic training for teachers. Especially the lack of practical relevance and orientation has become evident. Furthermore it became clear that the fields of competences which are exlusively confined to the target group of young refugees are not very wide. Against this background of the idea of inclusion those previously mentioned competences should be integrated into regular teacher education in order to root inclusion in the German school system. For following studies it is suggested to also include the perspectives of the students themselves by interviews and scientific participant observations of school teaching for refugee minors. Furthermore long-term studies could contribute to minimalize the blind spot in educational science concerning young refugees in the German educational and school system.

In 2014 the number of issues discussing immigrants in the EU is 24% and by 2015 by 38%. And Euroscepticism is due to immigrants in Sweden at 48% while in Denmark it is 55% and both are Nordic countries. This is the reason why this paper is made. This paper will discuss the impact of Schengen policy on Euroscepticism in the Nordic. The approach that will be used is Globalization, welfare state and national interest. Globalization will be implemented in the form of schengen policy that causes the immigrant crisis in the Nordic. Nordic became the main goal of immigrants because it is a welfare state that has social security. And social security is a national interest maintained by native Nordic communities from immigrant immigrants to emerge euroscepticism. The effect was that a border control policy was made by the Nordic governments to press the immigrants who came and set up border patrols between the Nordic countries themselves. Keywords: Schengen, Immigrant, Euroscepticism, Nordic, Border Control

The politics of belonging - some theoretical considerations, John Crowley immigration and minority policy debate in Britain -multicultural political narratives contested, Shamit Saggar re-imagined communities? education policies and national belonging in Britain and France, Erik Bleich the politicization of belonging -post-war legal developments in the administrative identities of non-nationals in France, Christine Barats-Malbrel coming home? ethnic German repatriates and the transformation of national identity in the Federal republic of Germany, Daniel Levy the perception of the "other" and the integration of immigrants in Greece, Anastassia Tsoukala immigrants and the changing relations of trust between government and electorates - the effects of referenda in Switzerland, Silvia Kovi the ethno-national mobilisation of Croat immigrants in Vienna - some problems with an undifferentiated notion of the politics of belonging, Sasa Bozic the effects of the construction of Europe on national immigration and refugee policies - the case of Belgium, Marco Martiniello, Andrea Rea the development of EU immigrants policy -supranationalisation and the politics of belonging, Andre Geddes is there such a thing as "global belonging? transnational protest during the "Rushdie affair", Amelie Blom to belong or not to belong - the postnational question, Adrian Favell.

Migration has come to represent a hot and contested topic in current political debates across Europe, revealing conflicting interests and concerns across and within Member States. By reconstructing three different although overlapping migration-related crises characterising Europe in the last fifteen years, i.e. the integration crisis since the early 2000s, the economic crisis since 2007 and, recently, the so-called ‘refugee crisis’, we suggest that they reflect the difficulty of Europe in coming to terms with being de facto a continent of immigration. Against national governments’ short-sightedness and in order to promote the reconstruction of Europe and of its relations with current and past migrants, we argue there is a urgent need to pay greater attention to both the EU and local levels. While the former should sustain a shift in political discourses and actions towards ‘intercultural integration’ as the keystone of Europe as continent of immigration, the latter constitute the very context in which economic, social and cultural interactions between immigrants and natives take place, and thus where ‘interculture’ and ‘integration’ may be realised on a daily basis.

Based on an innovative design, combining a multi-factorial survey experiment with a longitudinal perspective, we examine changes in the public acceptance of immigrants in Germany from the beginning of the so-called 'migration crisis' to after the sexual assaults of New Year's Eve (NYE) 2015/2016. In contrast to previous studies investigating similar research questions, our approach allows to differentiate changes along various immigrant characteristics. Derived from discussions making up the German immigration discourse during this time, we expect reduced acceptance especially of those immigrants who were explicitly connected to the salient events, like Muslims and the offenders of NYE. Most strikingly, we find that refugees were generally highly accepted and even more so in the second wave, whereas the acceptance of immigrants from Arab or African countries further decreased. Moreover, female respondents' initial preference for male immigrants disappeared. Contrary to our expectations, we find no changes in the acceptance of Muslims. We conclude that (i) public opinion research is well advised to match the particular political and social context under investigation to a fitting outcome variable to adequately capture the dynamics of anti-immigrant sentiment and that (ii) the vividly discussed upper limits for refugees seem to be contrary to public demands according to our data.

There are several different issues affecting migration on the global scale, which are commonly interconnected. These include work migration, lifestyle migration, ecological migration, workers’ wages abroad, transit migration, irregular global migration, forced and forced humanitarian migration, human trafficking, refugees, and the safety of displaced populations. This study analyzes causation and consequences of Turkish workforce migration. Aim: Bu çalışma hayatlarını iyileştirmek amacıyla kuraldışı göçmen işgücünün Avrupa’ya göç etmesiyle birlikte yükselen sorunlara odaklanmaktadır. Methodology: Social and cultural discourse analysis are used in the study. It is preferable to investigate the macroeconomic factors of each country, in order to assess the economic implications of immigration. The present study looks at immigration from an economic, as well as a cultural and social point of view. Findings: Apparently, immigration policies are unable to achieve their prespecified demographic targets, at least under most circumstances, because controlling the synthesis and volume of net migration poses a remarkable challenge. Apart from the economic crisis, certain factors that are unique to Turkey lately, such as social-legislative problems and unemployment, push large segments of the population to migrate to other countries, raising the fraction of immigration therefore. Results: Demographic circumstances and effects of relevant policies work in tandem, and their combined influence alters the volume and makeup of the workforce in complex ways. Moreover, any undertaking to pinpoint the needs of the future work market in a decisive way, regarding immigration, and to optimize immigration strategies, appears to have modest results as well.

Due to allocation quotas, a substantial portion of refugees are accommodated in rural areas in Germany. As a result of legal requirements and restrictions as well as the challenges posed by the surrounding areas, refugees often have no place to go other than the shelter. Based on my activist anthropological research, this paper will uncover the place- and space-making activities conducted by and around refugees accommodated in shelters in rural areas in Brandenburg. I will show that the German migration regime consciously uses the many dimensions of place- and space-making to stigmatise and structurally relegate refugees to the periphery: with strategies ranging from physical exclusion to refugee marginalisation within shelters and including the very asylum process itself, refugees’ space is constantly (re)constructed, (re)occupied and (re)interpreted.

The research debate covering the so-called ‘refugee crises in Europe’ has largely been addressing issues like border control, EU policies – or the lack thereof – and the political backlash in the form of anti-immigrant sentiments. Follow-up questions about the integration of refugees and 1 We would like to thank Alireza Behtoui for helping us find relevant English language literature on Sweden for this paper. their children into society, education and work are now slowly appearing on the agenda too. Although the current attention to the issue of the integration of the children of refugees into education is recent, several researchers in Europe have addressed the question for previous waves of refugees. The findings of one of the largest European studies on the topic, Integrace, a comparative study which includes Sweden and the Netherlands among other EU Member States, will figure prominently in this paper. Next to this study there are smaller national and local studies that are often descriptive or evaluate examples of so-called good practice in cities and schools.

Asylum seekers migrating to Germany remains a hotly debated topic. The second wave of a longitudinal survey of refugees shows that their integration has progressed significantly, even though some refugees came to Germany in poor health and with little formal education. Compared to the previous year, refugees’ German skills have improved, as have their participation rates in the workforce, education, and training.

Since the start of the global economic downturn,GermanyandSpainhave experienced highly-divergent
\n impacts of the crisis on the labour market in general and on immigrant workers in
\n particular. This can be mainly explained by looking at the economic growth patterns
\n prior to the crisis. Spain’s higher, more labour-intensive growth was enabled by growth
\n in the labour supply that was fuelled by immigration and fostered by a de facto permissive
\n immigration policy, while restrictive migration policy prevented growth in labour
\n supply in Germany and encouraged more capital-intensive growth in which both Germans
\n with a low level of skills, and immigrants in particular, found it difficult to integrate.
\n We therefore argue that institutional features of the labour market promoted these
\n patterns. The high level of importance of the temporary and informal labour market
\n segments inSpainwhich were hit hardest by the crisis placed immigrant workers and
\n young workers in a vulnerable position.The economic crisis has made parts of the population
\n more sceptical about immigration in both countries. However, there appear to be no
\n links between the severity of the crisis and public debates on migration. Although
\n Spain was definitely hit harder by the crisis than Germany, and immigrants were affected
\n more severely, public debates on migration and integration issues seem to be at least
\n as fierce in Germany as in Spain. The legacy of past migrations and migration policies
\n exerts a more significant influence on the public perception of migration as a risk
\n than economic factors do.

Over the course of 2013 to 2016, over one million asylum seekers arrived in Germany, around 890,000 of them in 2015 alone. The growing refugee population posed a major challenge for Germany’s policy makers, civic administrators, and society at large, in finding new approaches to registration procedures, housing, and social and economic integration. To design policies and programs that meet these needs, government administrators, politicians, and the public require robust analyses of the accompanying social and demographic changes based on timely, valid, and reliable empirical data. Yet despite the urgent need for quantitative data on this target group, survey organizations and data collection agencies had little experience gaining access to the target population and approaching and surveying them effectively. In late 2015, when the influx reached its peak, the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), the Migration, Integration and Asylum Research Center at the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ), and the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) joined together in a cooperative longitudinal project to survey a nationwide random sample of refugee households in Germany: the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. In this paper, we summarize the sampling and fieldwork design as well as the challenges faced in the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. We discuss the sequential strategy applied for sampling recent refugees and asylum seekers who arrived in Germany, particularly in 2015, in such large numbers that proper registration was delayed, and in many cases their initial accommodations were only temporary. Moreover, the paper discusses alternative survey instruments introduced for the difficult-to-interview population of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, including translated questionnaires and audio files.