Data Ecology: Understanding and Designing Data Ecosystems

Autonomous cyber-physical systems have enormous potential to make our lives more sustainable, more comfortable, and more economical. Artificial Intelligence and connectivity enable autonomous behavior, but often stand in the way of market launch. Traditional engineering techniques are no longer sufficient to achieve the desired dependability; current legal and normative regulations are inappropriate or insufficient. This paper discusses these issues, proposes advanced systems engineering to overcome these issues, and provides a roadmap by structuring fields of action.

Around the world and in Vietnam, lawyers have to comply with codes of ethics and professional conduct. This article examines the rules and regulations on the Vietnamese lawyer’s duty of confidentiality as stipulated in the 2019 Lawyers’ Code of Ethics and Conduct and the 2006 Law on Lawyers. Although this obligation has been one of the important ethical and legal obligations that create the foundation of the client-lawyer relationship, the lack of clarity and implementation guides has created many shortcomings. The authors applied legal analysis to highlight the unclear scope, scale, and requirements of such duty in the current legal and ethical regulations. By comparing the Vietnamese approach with those of South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Australia, Germany, and the United States, the authors highlight best practices and offer recommendations on how to resolve and improve the rules and regulations on lawyers’ duty of confidentiality. Exploring other countries’ approach towards attorney-client privilege, the paper suggests that the conflict between the confidentiality obligations and the current civil procedural laws in Vietnam should be resolved.

A Kimberley Process for Conflict Antiquities: Determing the Viability of a Cultural Property Certification Scheme

Medical practice and care has always included the duty of doctors to protect patients' confidiental information. However, this duty is not absolute. The subject of this paper is to identify the situations in which doctors are not bound by doctor - patient privilege, that is what are the exclusions in Serbian law that allow doctors to disclose patients’ confidential information. Considering current legal and ethical regulations related to this matter, the author analyzes each of the indetified reasons which justify disclosing doctor - patient confidential information. They are: the written consent of the patient or his legal representative; the need to protect a higher interest than the patient’s right to privacy and confidentiality of medical information; legal obligation to disclose certain information from the patient’s medical records; the court order. Assessing whether and to what extent the conditions have been met to apply each of these reasons for exclusion, the author of this paper findings that their introduction is justified and well balanced with the protection of other patient’s rights, the rights of third persons and the need to protect public health. In the concluding remarks, the author underlines that the method and extent of disclosing doctor - patient confidential information must be done for adequate purposes in order to protect patients’ confidential information in the best possible manner.

The concept of sustainability should be the main guiding principle in the construction industry today. It mandates conservation of natural resources and thus lower impact on the environment. In road construction, part of construction industry that consumes largest quantities of natural materials, sustainable building and maintenance of roads is possible trough application of secondary materials. Usage of industrial and construction waste presents energy, ecologically and financially effective alternative. Republic of Croatia, even as a new member of the European Union, still lags behind the well-established practices of the application of alternative materials in different European countries. The reasons for this can be found in the current legal and technical regulations for alternative materials. In this paper, the existing regulations for alternative materials and the impact they have on the application of these materials in practice in the region of eastern Croatia will be shown.

The article deals with the issue of legal support for small and medium-sized enterprises as reflected in current legal regulations in the Law on Support for Small and Medium Enterprises 2017 and other legal documents such as Decree No. 55/2019 of the Government on legal support for small and medium-sized enterprises. The analysis and synthesis method is mainly used to clarify the problems of current laws on legal support for enterprises and legal proposals to improve the quality of legal support activities for small and medium-sized enterprises. In particular, the focus is on clarifying the limitations related to specific legal regulations on criteria for recognizing legal consultants and regulations on funding for legal support consultants for small and medium-sized enterprises. In particular, current laws have not specifically regulated the proposals for developing assessment principles and criteria for assessing legal support activities for small and medium-sized enterprises. Keywords: Legal support; small and medium enterprises; law

Electronic authentication and authorization aspects are one of burning issues tightly connected with information system security. This article provides a description of present trends in authentication and authorization methods development not only from the technological point of view but it intends to demonstrate the necessity of these methods solving in compliance with legal regulations. First part of article deals with the main features of strong authentication methods and describes their pros and cones. In description of methods is pointed to the weakest point of authentication system - the ldquoqualityrdquo of userpsilas working machine mainly in case of remote user connection and resistance of mentioned authentication techniques to attacks. Second part connects the impacts and effects of designed authentication tools with legal regulations and explains why during the authentication (and mainly authorization) process we can and have to rely on the current legal regulations that protect ICT systems, eventually provide protection of individuals and personal data.

Management of sports organisations, viewed in the context of their legality and legitimacy, predominantly relies on the filed of current legal regulations in sport. This could be, relatively speaking, considered as the existence of the “sports legislation” within a specific social environment, encompassing the set of laws and legal regulations, which govern the relations, procedures and operation of sports organisations. The issues concerning the current legal regulating of the relations in sport call attention to the following legal documents in a state: constitution, laws, subordinate legislation and internal (organisation’s) legal documents. From the point of view of sport (as a social phenomenon and practical activity), the concept of the current law must be treated through its determination that relates to all rules of social behaviour accepted and valid in a specific state. All stakeholders and participants in the sport process (stakeholders in the sports system) need to be informed about basic aspects of the legal norms constituting the substance of the current law. This paper, basically, deals with theoretical explication of the relevance of the current legal regulations as an important factor in the management of sports organisations. The context of the respective considerations is oriented towards the sports system environment in the Republic of Serbia.

Legal regulations of the work environment are probably regarded as the main tools for promoting prevention at the workplace. Legal regulations are expressed as occupational exposure limits, bans, and taxes. Taxes can be regarded as economic incentives as well, and other economic incentives are insurance systems for employers' and consumers' actions. The latter have been found to have profound effects regarding environmental issues and may also, in the future, be a powerful tool for workplace-related prevention. The research in this area is rather limited, but there are some research results that can be obtained from the area of environmental economics. This paper discusses some examples in which legal regulations, economic incentives, or both have been used. Legal regulations and market-based economic incentives may produce similar results, but the economic cost and political feasibility typically differ. This situation makes the selection and design of instruments an important field for future research.

Introduction: National health resources are considered inadequate to meet the needs of Mental Health services in Poland due in part to insufficient funding. The status of the nursing profession is autonomous and independent, and one that bears much public trust. Nevertheless, psychiatric nursing is in deep crisis.Aim of the study: To determine the strengths and limitations of the psychiatric nursing system in Poland.Method: Participants of a major Psychiatric Nursing Conference in Poland were surveyed in terms of professional job satisfaction and current problems encountered in psychiatric nursing. Results were appropriately categorized and subjected to quantitative analysis.Results: There were 74 subjects, amounting to a 70% response rate who completed the study questionnaire. Problem areas were focused on how the mental health system is organized and on staff working conditions that included terms of employment and salaries. The main reasons for job satisfaction were those issues associated with the treatment process. Two participants replied that they were not satisfied.Discussion: The numerous problems encountered in Polish psychiatry nursing require further debate and the updating of legal regulations to increase funding. Recently introduced regulations on the minimal standards acceptable for nurse/bed ratios have however been postponed until 2021. The issues concerning job satisfaction have also been referred to in previous studies.Implication for practice: The crisis facing psychiatric nursing in Poland requires systemic changes in both legal regulations and financing. Notwithstanding, such professionals and their societies could facilitate the necessary changes through enhancing public debate and stimulating nursing-focused research.

The article discusses the economic consequences arising within the context of disproportionate double taxation of corporate profits under legal regulation. These consequences are associated with investment transparency, risk factors in investment promotion, and specifically with the accumulation of unsubstantiated capital reflected in corporate financial statements. This is especially relevant in situations where limited alternative investment opportunities lead to the distribution of profits (dividend payments) and reinvestment in charter capital without proper documentation of these operations, as prescribed by regulation. The avoidance of taxing (withholding tax on) dividends paid to individuals participating in a company’s capital may become grounds for legal regulation violations. This could lead to forensic financial-economic expertises within criminal or judicial proceedings through the submission of special questions. However, in the subtext of presenting an expert opinion in this article, it is argued that companies and individuals accountable under current legal regulations is unjust, given the inadequacies in tax policy and existing legal frameworks. Discussions on the methodology for clarifying the above issue in financial and economic expert investigations are currently important, as the effective and targeted reinvestment of capital directly impacts both the company’s ability to meet obligations and maintain financial stability, as well as the protection of shareholder interests and the organization’s future development goals. Scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, generalization, logical and structural, etc.) have been applied.

Private archives, which are not produced by public sources, enlighten the public, and are the continuation and complement of public archives, have an important place in domestic and foreign archive literature. These archives are generally created by families, individuals, legal institutions and organizations by natural or unnatural ways. Therefore, they are seen as hobby products that have a special and personal quality and are not subject to legal regulations. However, private archives have a supporting role to public archives in illuminating the issues affecting the state and nation life, especially historical research. There are various legal regulations regarding private archives in Turkey. However, although these regulations are insufficient, active and effective steps are not taken at the point of implementation. In this study, the current legal regulations and issue concerning private archives will be exemined and the National Archives of Scotland, which has important private archive applications, will be mentioned. Finally, some practice recommendations have been developed in order to make private archives more effective and functional in Turkey.

The following article deals with the challenges created by legal regulations concerning divorced or separated couples and focuses on the rights of separated parents with children. The article analyzes the problems associated with law enforcement practices in this area, the gaps in existing family law, as well as the disputed aspects of theory concerning parents ’ legal relations. Suggestions for legislative developments in Russia concerning the protection of family rights within separated families are given. The authors of this paper argue for a rethink of existing approaches to legal regulations in this field of law due to the fact that existing family legislation does not take into consideration many of the challenges and realities of modern parenthood. Furthermore, current legal regulations in Russia do not fully correspond to international legal norms. The authors contend that this will lead to the curtailment of the legal rights of the separated parents. Such status is characterized, on the one hand, by unreasonable restrictions on parental rights. On the other hand, it permits only a limited degree of responsibility for a child’s upbringing and financial support on the part of a parent living separately from their child. The authors propose that, in this respect, it is necessary to rethink disputed legal decisions relating to family law and the implementation of family law in practice. By analyzing such implementation, the authors single out a number of interrelated factors that must be overcome in order to effectively protect separated parents’ relationships with their children. The aim of the article is to initiate a new approach to parental legal relations after divorce or separation and to propose new legislative regulations concerning the legal status of a parent who lives separately from their child. New developments in family law are proposed in order to ensure a balance between parental responsibilities and rights as well as the rights of the child.

INTRODUCTION. The world has many times faced cardinal changes triggered by technological development. Creation of the Internet and the emergence of the artificial intelligence have become the major trend of the ongoing changes with the signifi-cant potential to affect all spheres of live, including the military affairs and the geopolitical phenomena in general. In this paper, in particular, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of the rapid technological development in the defense sector in the context of globalization. The pace and the nature of changes in defense dictate the necessity to analyze the current and future challenges of our digitized age in search of adequate and timely legal and strategic practical solutions. Cyber means of warfare are the weapons of the present. Over the past decades, cyber means of warfare have been frequently used against states in the context of international and non-international armed conflicts, as well as outside of such context. Thus, the fundamental scientific questions that arise are the following: a) are the current legal regulations at international and national levels sufficient to address all the challenges caused by the spillover of armed conflicts into the virtual domain and by the future advancement of cyber weapons, and b) are the current cyber weapons or those of the future capable of changing the nature of “war” described by General Carl von Clausewitz yet in the 19th century as a violent method of forcing its political will by one party of the conflict to the other. We have analyzed the above-mentioned questions in the light of the cyber weapons, which already exist and are being used for military purposes, in the light of possible advancement of cyber weapons and integration of AI into them, as well as in the light of the Big Data management. We have reflected on the dangers, which the smart and entirely data driven world would face, from legal and geopolitical perspectives, through the several possible scenarios of development, emphasizing, in particular, the probable military (defense) aspect of data management. While most frequently the specific problems of application of International Law to the traditional cyber warfare situations become subject for academic debates and discussions, we stress the necessity to also analyze the legal and practical implications of further advancement of cyber weapons, as well as the necessity to consider the role of Big Data management in changing the nature of war and, consequently, also the applicable legal solutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The works of academics and international scholars in the field of international law and, specifically, international humanitarian law, and military theorists, as well as international treaties, commentaries to international treaties, and national cyber defense and cyber security strategies comprise the theoretical basis for the current paper. The research has been conducted via general and specific scientific methods of cognition, in particular the dialectical method, comparative legal method, method of interpretation, as well as methods of deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, and others. RESEARCH RESULTS . The ongoing changes taking place in the world have resulted in a situation, when cyber domain is considered one of the traditional war domains. In this context the international community is now debating more flexible interpretations of international legal regulations in order to most efficiently address the new reality. It is also important that states at national level undertake measures to timely and adequately address the challenges already created and those that potentially may take place as a result of the globalization along with the rapid evolution of the cyber technologies and their military use. In the current article we conclude that the categories of the present generation of cyber weapons are lawful. However, the future developments in cyber weapon technologies, as well as the possible quasi-military implications of Big Data management raise many theoretical and practical questions deserving attention. The efforts of the international community and individual states in the field of legal regulation of cyber technologies should be directed toward creating guarantees that the products of the technological development are used for the benefit of humankind. As one of such measures The Authors indicate national cyber security and cyber defense strategies, which according to the Authors, should be elaborated giving due consideration to the possible future developments. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In this paper we analyze the peculiar features of evolution of the world in the 21st century and argue that wars are not static and autonomous phenomena isolated from the global context and all the changes taking place in the world. In particular, we address one of the most popular debates among the scholars in the field of military affairs concerning the issue whether the nature of war has changed or will change overtime, referring to Carl von Clausewitz’s thoughts. With regard to the current generation of cyber weapons, we conclude that even if they might prima facie seem to be inherently indiscriminate (such as, for example, nuclear weapons) in reality cyber weapons are not per se indiscriminate, but rather are weapons with a very high potential of being used indiscriminately or in violation of the principle of discrimination. However, the high potential of indiscriminate use of cyber weapons does not outlaw the cyber weapons as such. We also agree with the widely accepted opinion that the cyber weapons, which are currently used, are sufficiently regulated by the International Law. At the same time, the future tendencies for advancement and improvement of military cyber technologies, inter alia, via integration of artificial intelligence, may seriously call into question the possibility of their application in compliance with the international legal regulations. Finally, the possible scenarios of advancement of Big Data management have led us to the conclusion that big data management per se has the potential of being used as a weapon with less lethal or even non-lethal consequences, however equally effective in enforcing one’s policy as the traditional weapons or potentially kinetic cyber-weapons. If big data analysis at its current stage of development does not produce very accurate predictions, the well-distributed and structured informational flow in the cyber domain is capable of influencing and manipulating behaviours. In such case if Big data monopoly (including both: hardware and soſtware) vests in one of several actor, it could drastically change the nature of war by making the element of violence redundant and consequently alter the geopolitical balance. One of the measures for early response to future challenges, in our opinion, could be through reflecting on lex ferenda in cyber security and cyber defence national strategies. From the analysis of the content of different strategies we could conclude that most states acknowledge cyberspace as a military domain like land, air or maritime, analyse the main specific characteristics of current generation of cyber weapons, and set state objectives and action plan for cyber offense, cyber defense and cyber deterrence respectively. While the future advancement of cyber means of warfare and the quasi-military dimension of the big data management seem to be overlooked by states in general.

Background. The article analyses the interaction between the state’s mandatory regulation of the human right to reproductive health and its coordination with the patient’s autonomous will. The main emphasis is placed on the latest reproductive procedures and methods and possible problems in their implementation in relation to human autonomy are pointed out. Objective of the study: to find the optimal combination of state, public and private legal interests in the exercise of the right to reproductive health and to establish the legal nature of patient autonomy in this area. Materials and methods. A comprehensive methodological approach was used, including a combination of legal, medical knowledge and cultural and ethical norms of society. The humanistic method was used to establish the priority of human rights and will in the regulation of reproductive rights, and the method of gender analysis was used to understand the differences in the level of autonomy of women and men in reproductive medicine. The empirical method was used in the author’s survey of 402 women in the Republic of Poland and Ukraine on their personal and state legal attitudes to reproductive health. Results. Two approaches to state regulation of reproductive autonomy are envisaged: the first one limits legal regulation and state intervention, giving priority to individual autonomy, the second one indicates a legitimate broad, but legitimate possibility of interfering with the patient’s autonomous decision in the field of reproductive health. The author distinguishes legitimate groups of restrictive legal phenomena in the field of the right to exercise the human reproductive function: general legal restrictions and special restrictions relating exclusively to the human right to reproduction. Conclusions. It is need to update national legislation by specifying clearer medical protocols regarding the number of embryos during embryo transfer and their dependence on the patient’s age. The author identifies the newest possibilities of gene editing as an ethical and medical problem and proves the public fear in this area, which requires additional legal regulation.