Data‐Driven Anomaly Detection and Mitigation for FACTS‐Based Wide‐Area Voltage Control System

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the members of flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices that controls one or more network parameters to increase system power transfer capability. However, it needs be optimally allocated to fully maximize its usage. Allocation of STATCOM simply refers to optimal placement and size of a STATCOM to solve some of the transmission network problems. This paper therefore utilizes particle swarm optimization (PSO) to allocate STATCOM to enhance the system voltage magnitudes and minimize the active power loss. A Matlab programme was developed for the proposed method and applied to IEEE 14 bus network and the results presented. The results showed that the total active power loss was reduced by 6.90%. The voltage magnitudes at buses 7 and 13, which were above the upper voltage limit, were reduced and brought to within acceptable voltage limits and hence improvement in the system voltage profile. Therefore, the optimal allocation of STATCOM improves the efficiency and operation of the network.

In future electricity markets, flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices will play key role for providing ancillary services. Since huge cost is involved for the FACTS devices placement in the power system, the cost invested has to be recovered in their life time for the replacement of these devices. The FACTS devices in future electricity markets can act as an ancillary services provider and have to be remunerated. The main contributions of the paper are: (1) investment recovery of FACTS devices during congestion management such as static VAR compensator and unified power flow controller along with thyristor controlled series compensator using non-linear bid curves, (2) the impact of ZIP load model on the FACTS cost recovery of the devices, (3) the comparison of results obtained without ZIP load model for both pool and hybrid market model, (4) secure bilateral transactions incorporation in hybrid market model. An optimal power flow based approach has been developed for maximizing social welfare including FACTS devices cost. The optimal placement of the FACTS devices have been obtained based on maximum social welfare. The results have been obtained for both pool and hybrid electricity market for IEEE 24-bus RTS.

The application of the flexible alternative current transmission system (FACTS) devices has been playing an important role in improving the flexibility, stability and intelligence of the smart gird. Until now, various kinds of FACTS devices are proposed, studied and utilized by the academic and the industry. Most literatures provide an in-depth study on one single kind of devices, without comparisons between different devices from the aspect of their technical performances as well as economic costs. In this paper, the current FACTS devices are investigated, from the aspect of the technical performance, the working principle as well as the industrial application. Moreover, the relationships are demonstrated and comparisons are made between different kinds of FACTS devices. This paper offers a comprehensive knowledge of the FACTS devices and introduces the new process of their application in the smart gird. It is also helpful for the researchers and engineers to choose suitable FACTS devices to satisfy the demand of the smart grid.

This paper concerns a novel approach to the modeling and control design for transient stabilization of electric power systems using Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. A nonlinear dynamic model of general interconnected electric power systems in the Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) form is proposed in terms of time-varying phasors of all dynamic components. This model captures previously unmodeled fast dynamics of inductors and capacitors of FACTS. Additionally, it allows us to observe the active power which is flowing through FACTS during transients. Using the derived model, an ectropy-based FACTS controller is proposed. The proposed controller regulates the active power through FACTS in order to shift the increment in energy created by disturbances. The energy increment is directed from generators into FACTS, preserving the synchronization between generators during disturbances. Simulation results obtained on the IEEE 14 bus system demonstrate the potential of this controller. The controller is shown to increase critical clearing time of the system in the case of a fault.

In recent years, continuous and reliable electric energy supply is the objective of any power system operation. FACTS devices are promising devices from the past ten years and are becoming popular. Also FACTS devices are very effective solution for many power system transmission problems. FACTS controllers can be used for steady state voltage regulation and control, steady state power flow can be controlled on a transmission line, transient stability enhancement, along with this it also reduces the problem of sub synchronous resonance. In this regard, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices play a key role in enhancing controllability and to increase power transfer capability of the network. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is an upcoming FACTS device which can be used to meet this objective. The conventional methods in solving optimization problems in power systems suffer from several limitations due to necessities of derivative existence, providing suboptimal solutions, etc. computational Intelligence plays an important role in finding the optimal solutions for multi-objective functions. A combinatorial analysis problem in power systems can be solved by modern heuristic methods in finding optimal solution. Thus, in this paper, Genetic Algorithm, a type of evolutionary computation encapsulated with heuristic approach, is proposed for finding optimal location of TCSC. IEEE standard 30bus system is considered to test the credibility of the proposed algorithm and the results obtained are subjected to analysis to determine the optimal location.

An evolutionary based approach is proposed to congestion management of transmission lines in a restructured market environment by optimizing the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The specification and readjustment of electricity markets has enhanced competition and electricity may be generated and used in amounts that would make the transmission system to act beyond transfer limits. Therefore, congestion management is a primary transmission management crisis. Considering to the worldwide exestuation of congestion management methods, different schemes can be described. The different international execution suggests that there is no specific congestion management system. In this study, we attempted to improve an OPF solution incorporating FACTS devices in a given market mode. FACTS devices facilitate the power grid owners to enhance existing transmission network capacity while preserving the operating margins necessary for grid stability. Consequently, extra power can achieve consumers with a minimum impact on the environment, after significantly shorter project implementation times and at lower assessment costs-all compared to the alternative of building new transmission lines or power generation facilities. FACTS devices are controlled in a mode so as to guarantee that the formal obligations are implemented as far as possible by minimizing line congestion. Different optimization approaches available in the literature have been used to solve OPF problem. For optimizing the FACTS devices placement in the market, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is utilized and compared with GA base optimizing. The proposed methods are tested on the standard IEEE9 bus reliability test systems.

This paper deals with the congestion problem in the deregulated electricity market using an optimal power flow framework (OPF). The congestion management method considered in this paper is based on a constrained re-dispatch of generation schedule which are formed by the market. From the re-dispatch, the congestion management cost can be evaluated. The paper considers the installation and operation of the flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the transmission network in order to alleviate congestion and minimize the amount of active power which has to be re-dispatched. A cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the economical justification of using FACTS for congestion management is proposed in the paper. The IEEE 14-bus system is used to simulate the market and illustrate the proposed method. The study results show that when FACTS devices are included in the network, the amount of re-dispatched power is greatly reduced resulting in an optimal operating point closer to that dictated by the market settlement and that FACTS is a viable option for congestion management, from a technical as well as economical point of view.

This paper presents a novel approach to find optimum locations and capacity of flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices in a power system using a multi-objective optimization function. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC) are the utilized FACTS devices. Our objectives are: active power loss reduction, new introduced FACTS devices cost reduction, voltage deviation reduction, and increase on the robustness of the security margin against voltage collapse. The operational and controlling constraints, as well as load constraints, are considered in the optimum allocation. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to approach the Pareto-optimal front (non-dominated) solutions. In addition, the estimated annual load profile has been utilized in a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimization sub-problem to the optimum siting and sizing of FACTS devices. IEEE 14-bus Network is selected to validate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method.

In this paper, a new approach based on novel heuristic algorithms is used to locate and model multitype flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices (series and parallel) in order to improve the total transfer capability and decrease the line congestion and total power loss. The multitype FACTS devices, including the static synchronous series compensator, static compensator, and unified power flow controller, have been optimally sized and located simultaneously through the harmony search algorithm (HSA). To achieve this purpose, a program in MATLAB code has been developed in order to extend the conventional Newton--Raphson algorithm for multitype facts applications. Since the optimization is multipurpose, an analytical hierarchy process is used to obtain the priority vector for each alternative. The HSA, with a good convergence property and more accurate results, can satisfy the objective function better. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a modified 30-bus IEEE test system as well as Iranian 230 kV southeast regional grids in normal and contingency conditions. On the other hand, the optimization performance is compared with a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm performs better than the other algorithms. Moreover, it is shown that simultaneous optimizations of multitype FACTS devices have more advantages than the separate optimization of single-type ones.

To meet with the ever-enhancing load demands, new transmission lines should be bolted-on in the existing power system but the economic and environmental concerns are major constraints to this addition. Hence utilities have to rely on the existent power system infrastructure with some modifications. To enhance controllability and boost power transfer potential of the existing power system the use of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device is the most viable modification. FACTS devices include Static VAR Compensator (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) and Self Commutated VAR compensators i.e. Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM). Among the FACTS devices, DSTATCOM is the most feasible choice because of its capability to furnish both leading and lagging reactive power, faster response time in comparison with others, smaller harmonic content, inrush current generation is minimum and the dynamic performance with variations of voltage is quite good. DSTATCOM has the ability to have effective control over various issues concerning AC power transmission. However, the Parameters of the protection devices in the present power system are set without taking into account the reaction of these FACTS devices. So in order to ascertain stability and reliability of power system, reaction of FACTS devices with the existent protection schemes must be thoroughly investigated. This paper aims to explore the deviations in the performance characteristics of transmission line protection due to installation of DSTATCOM on a 220KV EHV transmission line using theoretical as well as MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation models. The dynamic performance of a DSTATCOM connected to an existing transmission line system is evaluated when large industrial induction motor is started and voltage sags are introduced.

The Aim of this paper is the study of models and procedures with which we assess the steady-state operation of electrical power systems at the fundamental frequency. The improvement of stability will be achieved by controlling the reactive power flow in the line [3]. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices have been proposed to control the power flow in transmission lines & to regulate the bus voltages in electrical power systems resulting in an increased power transfer capability, less system losses and improved stability[8]. This summary presents the implication of adding various FACTS controllers such as a Static Var Compensator SVC, TCSC(thyristor controlled series capacitor) and UPFC(Unified power flow controller) etc. So a power flow program using MATLAB finds the steady voltage and angle at each bus and corresponding for a given system and finds the load ability margin of power system with FACTS devices. A 2 machine 5 bus system is considered for performance analysis[9]. This paper states the implementation of FACTS in a Newton raphson load flow(NRLF) method.

This paper concerns a novel approach to the modeling and control design for transient stabilization of electric power systems using Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. A nonlinear dynamic model of general interconnected electric power systems in the ordinary differential equation (ODE) form is proposed in terms of time-varying phasors of all dynamic components. This model captures previously unmodeled fast dynamics of inductors and capacitors of FACTS. Additionally, it allows us to observe the active power which is flowing through FACTS during transients. Using the derived model, an ectropy-based FACTS controller is proposed. The proposed controller regulates the active power through FACTS in order to shift the increment in energy created by disturbances. The energy increment is directed from generators into FACTS, preserving the synchronization between generators during disturbances. Simulation results obtained on the IEEE 14-bus system demonstrate the potential of this controller. The controller is shown to increase critical clearing time of the system in the case of a fault.

In power system studies, congestion in transmission lines and utilization of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices are closely associated and it is very important due to their role in power delivery system enhancement. It is to be noted that the generation companies can exercise their market power which depends on the line flows and the line constraints, generators' location and its share to the individual loads. This issue cannot be overlooked as it creates monopoliness which is a threat to the deregulated market policy. The objective of this paper is to show how the generation companies' market power gets enhanced due the FACTS devices. FACTS devices like Thyristor Controlled Switching Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR) are taken and used under steady state operation. The market power is determined using Nodal Must Run Share (NMRS) index for the standard IEEE 14-bus system with and without the above FACTS devices and the results obtained are compared. All the above simulations are carried out in MATLAB 7.9- R2009b environment.

In recent years, there is worldwide development in railway transportation and it has gained significant importance. Different flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices, including static var compensator, static synchronous compensator, and railway power quality conditioner, have been proposed to improve system stability and power quality in railway traction power. With rapid railway growth, further research has been made to enhance the performance of FACTS devices in railway. This paper provides an overview of advances in FACTS devices for applications in railway traction power supply systems. It identifies different FACTS device study for railway traction power supply and make comparisons among them.

In this paper, the challenges of determining the optimal location and size of the flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices on the transmission system are solved. The FACTS devices are placed and sized optimally using three optimizations: genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and flower pollination algorithm (FPA). Three FACTS devices, capacitor, Static VAR Compensator (SVC), and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), are determined for two parameters: location and size to solve the multi-objective problem. The simulation results are analyzed to find the best optimization and FACTS device to improve the voltage profile and simultaneously lower the active power loss of the system. To investigate its effectiveness, the proposed approach was tested using two test systems, Pakistan’s transmission network and IEEE 30 bus. Conducted in three cases for the real system data, the first case being the base case with a 50% uniformly increase in both active and reactive power of the load bus voltage, the second case with a 50% increase in only the active power, and the third case with a 50% increase in reactive power. The comparison of this optimization has shown that FPA performed better than the other algorithm and with the fastest convergence rate. The simulation results demonstrate that STATCOM was effective to minimize the losses while enhancing the voltage profile. Also, the Wilcoxon test is applied to confirm the efficiency of the STATCOM device. Cite this article as: G. Izat Rashed, D. Otuo-Acheampong, A. Amoh Mensah and H. Haider, "Comparison of metaheuristic optimization techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of shunt flexible alternating current transmission systems device considering load increase," Electrica, 23(3), 643-657, 2023.