Abstract
The PLANCK observation strengthens the argument that the observed acceleration of the Universe is dominated by the invisible component of dark energy. We address how this extremely small DE density can be obtained in an ultraviolet complete theory. From two mass scales, the grand unification scale MG and the Higgs boson mass, we parametrize the scale of dark energy (DE). To naturally generate an extremely small DE term, we introduce an almost flat DE potential of a pseudo-Goldstone boson of an approximate global symmetry U(1)de originating from some discrete symmetries allowed in an ultraviolet complete theory, as e.g. obtained in string theory constructions. For the DE potential to be extremely shallow, the pseudo-Goldstone boson is required not to couple to the QCD anomaly. This fixes uniquely the nonrenormalizable term generating the potential suppressed by MG7 in supergravity models.
Highlights
Recent observations [1] continue to support the existence of dark energy(DE), which is invisible to any method of detection except in Einstein’s evolution equation [2] of the Universe
Even though there exist several attempts to interpret the accelerated expansion of the Universe, so far none of their parameters is explained from first principles
Any good idea shedding light on this extremely small magnitude of DE is welcome. We suggest such a magnitude from a relation of the recently discovered Higgs boson mass [4] compared to the Planck mass MP. This relation leading to the small DE is drawn from the potential energy of an extremely light pseudo-Goldstone boson originating from a discrete symmetry principle in an ultraviolet complete theory [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]
Summary
Recent observations [1] continue to support the existence of dark energy(DE), which is invisible to any method of detection except in Einstein’s evolution equation [2] of the Universe. We suggest such a magnitude from a relation of the recently discovered Higgs boson mass [4] compared to the Planck mass MP This relation leading to the small DE is drawn from the potential energy of an extremely light pseudo-Goldstone boson originating from a discrete symmetry principle in an ultraviolet complete theory [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. We assume in this paper that the magnitude of DE is given by the height of the green shaded area of the quintaxion potential in Fig. 1 (a) This gives us an interesting connection to the idea of the mechanism of an inflationary expenasion of the early universe. The height of the very shallow potential is the source of dark energy [20,21,22]
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