Abstract
To investigate the impact of damp heat treatments on the electronic and chemical structure of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2-based thin film solar cells, we have performed a detailed soft x-ray emission study of the ZnO/CuIn(S,Se)2 and ZnO/CdS/CuIn(S,Se)2 interfaces. By comparing the sulfur L2,3 emission spectra of pristine and damp-heat treated samples, we find a sulfate formation at the ZnO/CuIn(S,Se)2 and the ZnO/CdS interface. The intensity behavior as a function of ZnO film thickness further reveals a diffusion of sulfur atoms into the ZnO film, leading to the formation of zinc sulfate in the ZnO window layer of damp-heat-treated Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2-based solar cells.
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