Abstract

ence to maintain unity and adherence to a given set of values.1 The scenario in which the head of the family threatens to disown the prodigal child is familiar because it strikes an elemental chord: the fear that parental love will be withdrawn, casting the child adrift in the world with no identity and no roots.2 The myth has ancient origins: in the Bible, Adam and Eve were thrown out of the Garden of Eden for disobeying God's command.3 Today, many religious groups consider themselves to be God's chosen people, frequently to the exclusion of others.4 When religious groups believe that they are the chosen, they may treat former members in a way that is intended to cause them hardship. This may occur whether the group expels or excommunicates a member against her

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