Abstract
Individuals living with metabolic syndrome (MetS) such as diabetes and obesity are at high risk for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study investigated the beneficial effect of whole grape powder (WGP) diet on MetS-associated CKD. Obese diabetic ZSF1 rats, a kidney disease model with MetS, were fed WGP (5%, w/w) diet for six months. Kidney disease was determined using blood and urine chemical analyses, and histology. When compared to Vehicle controls, WGP intake did not change the rat bodyweight, but lowered their kidney, liver and spleen weight, which were in parallel with the lower serum glucose and the higher albumin or albumin/globin ratio. More importantly, WGP intake improved the renal function as urination and proteinuria decreased, or it prevented kidney tissue damage in these diabetic rats. The renal protection of WGP diet was associated with up-regulation of antioxidants (Dhcr24, Gstk1, Prdx2, Sod2, Gpx1 and Gpx4) and downregulation of Txnip (for ROS production) in the kidneys. Furthermore, addition of grape extract reduced H2O2-induced cell death of cultured podocytes. In conclusion, daily intake of WGP reduces the progression of kidney disease in obese diabetic rats, suggesting a protective function of antioxidant-rich grape diet against CKD in the setting of MetS.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is multifactorial, and is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function that is present for more than three months
At the end of feeding experiment, significantly lower organ weight index was seen in the kidney (WGP vs. Vehicle: p = 0.0127, two-tailed t-test), liver (WGP vs. Vehicle: p < 0.0001, two-tailed t-test) and spleen (WGP vs. Vehicle: p = 0.0341, two-tailed t-test) of whole grape powder (WGP)-fed rats compared to Vehicle controls, whereas both the heart and the lung remained the same (Table 1)
The data suggested that daily intake of WGP reduced the weight/size of these three organs—the liver, kidney and spleen—as compared to those in control group in these obese diabetic rats
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is multifactorial, and is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function that is present for more than three months. CKD places a major public health burden on our community as it affects more than 10% of adults aged 20 years or older, or more than 40% in those aged 65 years or older in the United States (source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and 12.5% of adults, representing approximately three million, in Canada [3,4]. Many cases of CKD are not curable, but there are substantial numbers of people who can benefit from prevention or delay of progression [5], suggesting that an effective and feasible preventive strategy is expected to reduce the burden of CKD in our community. Dietary supplements or natural health products is definitely an attractive and feasible strategy for CKD prevention
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