Abstract
BackgroundCancer still constitutes one of the major health concerns globally, causing serious threats on patients, their families, and the healthcare system.MethodsIn this study, the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of Elephantopus mollis whole plant (EMW), Enantia chlorantha bark (ECB), Kalanchoe crenata leaves (KCL), Lophira alata bark (LAB), Millettia macrophylla leaves (MML) and Phragmanthera capitata leaves (PCL) towards five human solid cancer cell lines and normal CRL2120 fibroblasts, was evaluated. Extracts were subjected to qualitative chemical screening of their secondary metabolite contents using standard methods. The cytotoxicity of samples was evaluated using neutral red uptake (NR) assay meanwhile caspase activation was detected by caspase-Glo assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) whilst spectrophotometry was used to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).ResultsPhytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, triterpenes and sterols in all extracts. The IC50 values of the best samples ranged from 3.29 μg/mL (towards DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells) to 24.38 μg/mL (against small lung cancer A549 cells) for EMW, from 2.33 μg/mL (mesothelioma SPC212 cells) to 28.96 μg/mL (HepG2 hepatocarcinoma) for KCL, and from 0.04 μg/mL (towards SPC212 cells) to 0.55 μg/mL (towards A549 cells) for doxorubicin. EMW induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells mediated by MMP loss and increased ROS production whilst KCL induced apoptosis via ROS production.ConclusionThis study provides evidences of the cytotoxicity of the tested plant extract and highlights the good activity of Elephantopus mollis and Kalanchoe crenata. They deserve more exploration to develop novel cytotoxic drugs.
Highlights
Cancer still constitutes one of the major health concerns globally, causing serious threats on patients, their families, and the healthcare system
They were collected in different parts of Cameroon in February 2015 and included barks of Lophira alata and Enantia chlorantha, leaves of Phragmanthera capitata, Kalanchoe crenata and Millettia macrophylla and the whole plant of Elephantopus mollis
The identification of palnts was done by the Cameroon National Herbarium (HNC; Yaounde) and voucher specimens are availaible under accession numbers (Table 1)
Summary
Cancer still constitutes one of the major health concerns globally, causing serious threats on patients, their families, and the healthcare system. Cancer still constitutes a major health concern globally, causing serious threats on patients, their families, and the healthcare system. About 70% of deaths caused by cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. Chemotherapy is recognized as the major mode of treatment of malignant diseases, and the plant kingdom has been the origin of many cytotoxic drugs such as paclitaxel (from Taxus brevifolia) and Vinca alkaloids (from Catharanthus roseus) [2,3,4,5]. Various cytotoxic plants of the continent were reported amongst which are Anthocleista schweinfurthii, Morus mesozygia, Nauclea latifolia, Erythrina sigmoidea
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