Abstract
Graphene, known as “black gold”, has important applications in various fields. In previous studies, it has been proved that graphene oxide (GO) which is a derivative of graphene has low toxicity. However, the immunotoxicity of GO has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we used DC2.4 cell line to investigate the in vitro immunotoxicity of two types of GO, mono-layer GO (mono-GO) and multi-layer GO (multi- GO). We found that mono-GO had less effect on cell viability than multi-GO, but both mono-GO and multi-GO significantly induced the generation of ROS in DC2.4 cells. Interestingly, mono-GO caused DC2.4 cells to aggregate, thus changed the cell morphology significantly. However, no similar influence occurred for multi-GO. In addition, the results showed that these two GOs obviously enhance the release of TNF-α by DC2.4 cells with and without LPS stimulation. GO did not affect the level of IL-6 released from DC2.4 cells, but multi-GO promoted the release of IL-6 while mono-GO inhibited the production of IL-6 when cells were in response to LPS stimulation. Whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis found some immune-related differentially expressed genes including H2-DMb1, Ncbp3, Oas2, Men1, Fas, Cd320, Cd244, and Tinagl1 which are engaged in the immune system process. These results suggested that both mono-GO and multi-GO are immunotoxic to DC2.4 cells, which provides important basis for subsequent biological and clinical medical applications.
Highlights
Graphene, called the “21st century materials”, is a 2D nanomaterial composed of a single layer of sp2 carbon atoms (Carrow et al, 2018)
Mono-graphene oxide (GO) and multi-GO hardly induced the release of the IL-6 (Figures 3A–D), while obviously increased the production of tumor necrosis factora (TNF-a) from DC2.4 cells with increasing concentration (Figures 3E, H)
We found that both mono-layer GO (mono-GO) and multi-GO significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in DC2.4 cells, but mono-GO had less effect on DC2.4 cell viability compared to multiGO
Summary
Graphene, called the “21st century materials”, is a 2D nanomaterial composed of a single layer of sp carbon atoms (Carrow et al, 2018). Graphene can be divided into different types according to its functional form (Novoselov et al, 2004). Graphene oxide (GO) is an oxidized form of graphene containing various oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxyl (Gao, 2015). Since GO has a large surface area, and good physical, chemical and biological properties (Reina et al, 2017), they are considered for biological applications such as bioimaging, diagnostics, biosensing, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, tissue engineering, and drug. Zhou et al studied a new method of introducing GO into bone tissue to enhance biomineralization, and they found that when the GO concentration was 0.1% w/v and immersed in simulated body fluids for 7 days, GO-collagen-apatite 3D scaffold showed good therapeutic effect in repairing skull defects in rats (Zhou et al, 2018)
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