Cyclooxygenase-2 Is a Target of KRASD12, Which Facilitates the Outgrowth of Murine C26 Colorectal Liver Metastases

Abstract

Mutational activation of the KRAS oncogene and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) contribute to colorectal carcinoma (CRC) development, but the relationship between these two events is unclear. This study was designed to clarify that relationship and to assess the contribution of KRAS-dependent COX-2 to the seeding of CRC cells in the liver and to their outgrowth as liver metastases in an experimental mouse model. The effect of RNA interference-mediated KRAS knockdown on COX-2 expression and activity was tested in murine C26 CRC cells. The contribution of KRAS-dependent COX-2 to early metastatic tumor cell seeding (by intravital microscopy) and outgrowth of metastases in the liver (by bioluminescence imaging) was studied by using parecoxib, a novel and highly selective liver-activated COX-2 inhibitor. Intratumoral cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor-associated angiogenesis were assessed by immunohistochemistry on liver tissue sections. Stable knockdown of mutant KRAS(D12) in murine C26 CRC cells by RNA interference lead to a dramatic reduction of COX-2 synthesis and prostaglandin E2 production. Inhibition of host or tumor cell COX-2 activity had no effect on early metastatic cell seeding in the liver but greatly reduced intrahepatic tumor cell proliferation and the rate of liver metastasis outgrowth. COX-2 inhibition had no effect on early tumor vascularization or on tumor cell apoptosis. The high levels of COX-2 enzyme and prostaglandin production in C26 CRC cells are primarily caused by the presence of endogenous mutant KRAS(D12). Furthermore, COX-2 inhibition affects the tumoral rather than the vascular compartment during the early stages of C26 liver metastasis outgrowth.