Abstract
This study presents the electromechanical properties and cycling stability of lead-free piezoelectric materials 0.92(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–0.08BaTiO3 (BNT–8BT) and 0.91(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.03(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (BNT–6BT–3KNN). Both bulk samples as well as multilayer actuators (MLA) with internal Ag/Pd (70/30) electrodes were successfully processed from both materials. Electromechanical characteristics in the non-fatigued state and after different numbers of unipolar fatigue cycles are provided, representing the first direct comparison of the fatigue resistance of lead-free bulk ceramics and the corresponding MLAs. At a maximum field of 6 kV/mm and a frequency of 50 Hz, BNT–8BT MLA delivered a maximum strain of 0.07% and displayed excellent cycling stability. BNT–6BT–3KNN MLA provided a higher strain of 0.15% initially but degraded during cycling and exhibited break down after 107 cycles. Furthermore, the frequency dependence of strain and the self-heating during cycling were investigated. The temperature increase is limited only to 2 °C in BNT–8BT MLA and 13 °C in BNT–6BT–3KNN MLA.
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