Cyclic peptide models of the Ca 2+-binding loop of α-lactalbumin

Abstract

A series of cyclic peptides with different linkers were designed and synthesized to model the elbow-type Ca 2+-binding loop of α-lactalbumin (LA). All amino acids of the Ca 2+-binding loop are strikingly well conserved among LAs of different species with the sequence Lys 79-Phe-Leu-Asp 82-Asp-Asp-Leu-Thr- Asp 87-Asp 88, where three carboxylates of Asp 82, Asp 87, and Asp 88 and the amide carbonyl oxygen atoms of Lys 79 and Asp 84 participate in Ca 2+ binding. Alanine-containing models were also prepared for monitoring the role of the binding (82, 87–88) and nonbinding Asp residues (83–84) in coordinating the cation. The structural features of synthetic peptides and their Ca 2+-binding properties were investigated in solution by circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In water, the CD curves show a strong negative band below 200 nm as a sign of the presence of unfolded conformers. In TFE, all cyclic peptides were found to have a CD spectrum, reflecting the presence of folded (turn) conformers. The effect of Ca 2+ was dependent on the structure and concentration of the model and the Ca 2+ to peptide ratio ( r cat). A surprising time dependence of the FTIR spectra of Ca 2+ complexes of the Ala-containing peptides was observed. The shape of the broad amide I band showed no more change after ∼60 min. Contrary to this, the deprotonation of the side chain COOH group(s) and formation of the final coordination sphere of Ca 2+ took more time. Infrared spectra showed that in the Ca 2+ complex of model comprising the binding Asp residues of LA, the cation is coordinated to the COO − groups of all three Asps, while in the complex of model comprising nonbinding Asp residues of LA, the two neighboring Asp side chains form a bridged Ca 2+-binding system.